Articles

Machine-learning-based COVID-19 mortality prediction model and identification of patients at low and high risk of dying

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the SARS-Cov2 virus has become the greatest health and controversial issue for worldwide nations. It is associated with different clinical manifestati...

Authors: Mohammad M. Banoei, Roshan Dinparastisaleh, Ali Vaeli Zadeh and Mehdi Mirsaeidi

The use of head helmets to deliver noninvasive ventilatory support: a comprehensive review of technical aspects and clinical findings

A helmet, comprising a transparent hood and a soft collar, surrounding the patient’s head can be used to deliver noninvasive ventilatory support, both as continuous positive airway pressure and noninvasive po...

Authors: Andrea Coppadoro, Elisabetta Zago, Fabio Pavan, Giuseppe Foti and Giacomo Bellani

Isn’t it time to abandon ARDS? The COVID-19 lesson

Authors: L. Gattinoni and J. J. Marini

Seasonal trends of incidence and outcomes of cardiogenic shock : findings from a large, nationwide inpatients sample with 441,696 cases

Authors: Peter Moritz Becher, Benedikt Schrage, Alina Goßling, Nina Fluschnik, Moritz Seiffert, Alexander M. Bernhardt, Hermann Reichenspurner, Paulus Kirchhof, Stefan Blankenberg and Dirk Westermann

Ten strategies to optimize early mobilization and rehabilitation in intensive care

Authors: Carol L. Hodgson, Stefan J. Schaller, Peter Nydahl, Karina Tavares Timenetsky and Dale M. Needham

Selective digestive decontamination, a seemingly effective regimen with individual benefit or a flawed concept with population harm?

Selective digestive decontamination (SDD) regimens, variously constituted with topical antibiotic prophylaxis (TAP) and protocolized parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis (PPAP), appear highly effective for preven...

Authors: James C. Hurley

Comprehensive versus standard care in post-severe acute kidney injury survivors, a randomized controlled trial

Currently, there is a lack of evidence to guide optimal care for acute kidney injury (AKI) survivors. Therefore, post-discharge care by a multidisciplinary care team (MDCT) may improve these outcomes. This stu...

Authors: Peerapat Thanapongsatorn, Kamolthip Chaikomon, Nuttha Lumlertgul, Khanitha Yimsangyad, Akarathep Leewongworasingh, Win Kulvichit, Phatadon Sirivongrangson, Sadudee Peerapornratana, Weerachai Chaijamorn, Yingyos Avihingsanon and Nattachai Srisawat

Pathophysiology and clinical implications of the veno-arterial PCO₂ gap

This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2021. Other selected articles can be found online at

Authors: Zied Ltaief, Antoine Guillaume Schneider and Lucas Liaudet

Secondary infections in critically ill patients with COVID-19

This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2021. Other selected articles can be found online at

Authors: Giacomo Grasselli, Emanuele Cattaneo and Gaetano Florio

Tracheostomy for COVID-19: evolving best practice

This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2021. Other selected articles can be found online at

Authors: Thomas Williams and Brendan A. McGrath

To prone or not to prone ARDS patients on ECMO

This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2021. Other selected articles can be found online at 

Authors: Oriol Roca, Andrés Pacheco and Marina García-de-Acilu

Management of acute metabolic acidosis in the ICU: sodium bicarbonate and renal replacement therapy

This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2021. Other selected articles can be found online at

Authors: Kosuke Yagi and Tomoko Fujii

Acute kidney injury in ECMO patients

This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2021. Other selected articles can be found online at 

Authors: Marlies Ostermann and Nuttha Lumlertgul

Monitoring and modifying brain oxygenation in patients at risk of hypoxic ischaemic brain injury after cardiac arrest

This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2021. Other selected articles can be found online at

Authors: Markus Benedikt Skrifvars, Mypinder Sekhon and Erik Anders Åneman

Advanced management of intermediate-high risk pulmonary embolism

This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2021. Other selected articles can be found online at

Authors: Tatiana Weinstein, Himanshu Deshwal and Shari B. Brosnahan

Measuring vitamin C in critically ill patients: clinical importance and practical difficulties—Is it time for a surrogate marker?

This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2021. Other selected articles can be found online at 

Authors: Sander Rozemeijer, Frans A. L. van der Horst and Angélique M. E. de Man

Still a place for aortic counterpulsation in cardiac surgery and patients with cardiogenic shock?

This article is one of ten reviews selected from the Annual Update in Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine 2021. Other selected articles can be found online at

Authors: Matthias Heringlake, Astrid Ellen Berggreen and Hauke Paarmann

Kinetics of blood neutrophil and lymphocyte count in critically ill neutropenic patients with hematological malignancies

Authors: Andry Van de Louw

Identification of distinct clinical phenotypes of acute respiratory distress syndrome with differential responses to treatment

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a heterogeneous syndrome, and the identification of homogeneous subgroups and phenotypes is the first step toward precision critical care. We aimed to explore whet...

Authors: Xiaowei Liu, Yusheng Jiang, Xiaonan Jia, Xiaohui Ma, Ci Han, Nana Guo, Yahui Peng, Haitao Liu, Yingnan Ju, Xiangfeng Luo, Xueting Li, Yue Bu, Jin Zhang, Yansong Liu, Yan Gao, Mingyan Zhao…

The application of an oxygen mask, without supplemental oxygen, improved oxygenation in patients with severe COVID-19 already treated with high-flow nasal cannula

Authors: Besarta Dogani, Fredrik Månsson, Fredrik Resman, Hannes Hartman, Johan Tham and Gustav Torisson

A randomized controlled trial to determine whether beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate and/or eicosapentaenoic acid improves diaphragm and quadriceps strength in critically Ill mechanically ventilated patients

Intensive care unit acquired weakness is a serious problem, contributing to respiratory failure and reductions in ambulation. Currently, there is no pharmacological therapy for this condition. Studies indicate...

Authors: Gerald S. Supinski, Paul F. Netzel, Philip M. Westgate, Elizabeth A. Schroder, Lin Wang and Leigh Ann Callahan

Initial antimicrobial management of sepsis

Sepsis is a common consequence of infection, associated with a mortality rate > 25%. Although community-acquired sepsis is more common, hospital-acquired infection is more lethal. The most common site of infec...

Authors: Michael S. Niederman, Rebecca M. Baron, Lila Bouadma, Thierry Calandra, Nick Daneman, Jan DeWaele, Marin H. Kollef, Jeffrey Lipman and Girish B. Nair

Role of endothelial miR-24 in COVID-19 cerebrovascular events

Authors: Jessica Gambardella, Antonietta Coppola, Raffaele Izzo, Giuseppe Fiorentino, Bruno Trimarco and Gaetano Santulli

Effect of awake prone position on diaphragmatic thickening fraction in patients assisted by noninvasive ventilation for hypoxemic acute respiratory failure related to novel coronavirus disease

Awake prone position is an emerging rescue therapy applied in patients undergoing noninvasive ventilation (NIV) for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure (ARF) related to novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Al...

Authors: Gianmaria Cammarota, Elisa Rossi, Leonardo Vitali, Rachele Simonte, Tiziano Sannipoli, Francesco Anniciello, Luigi Vetrugno, Elena Bignami, Cecilia Becattini, Simonetta Tesoro, Danila Azzolina, Angelo Giacomucci, Paolo Navalesi and Edoardo De Robertis

The Dutch Data Warehouse, a multicenter and full-admission electronic health records database for critically ill COVID-19 patients

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has underlined the urgent need for reliable, multicenter, and full-admission intensive care data to advance our understanding of the course of the disease and i...

Authors: Lucas M. Fleuren, Tariq A. Dam, Michele Tonutti, Daan P. de Bruin, Robbert C. A. Lalisang, Diederik Gommers, Olaf L. Cremer, Rob J. Bosman, Sander Rigter, Evert-Jan Wils, Tim Frenzel, Dave A. Dongelmans, Remko de Jong, Marco Peters, Marlijn J. A. Kamps, Dharmanand Ramnarain…

Electrical impedance tomography captures heterogeneous lung ventilation that may be associated with ineffective inspiratory efforts

Authors: Qing Pan, Mengzhe Jia, Huiqing Ge and Zhanqi Zhao

Norepinephrine potentiates the efficacy of volume expansion on mean systemic pressure in septic shock

Through venous contraction, norepinephrine (NE) increases stressed blood volume and mean systemic pressure (Pms) and exerts a “fluid-like” effect. When both fluid and NE are administered, Pms may not only resu...

Authors: Imane Adda, Christopher Lai, Jean-Louis Teboul, Laurent Guerin, Francesco Gavelli and Xavier Monnet

Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing VIM carbapenemase in an intensive care unit and its termination by implementation of waterless patient care

Long-term outbreaks of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli related to hospital-building water systems have been described. However, successful mitigation strategies have rarely been reported. In particul...

Authors: Gaud Catho, R. Martischang, F. Boroli, M. N. Chraïti, Y. Martin, Z. Koyluk Tomsuk, G. Renzi, J. Schrenzel, J. Pugin, P. Nordmann, D. S. Blanc and S. Harbarth

Elevated HbA1c remains a predominant finding in severe COVID-19 and may be associated with increased mortality in patients requiring mechanical ventilation

Authors: Sebastian J. Klein, Timo Mayerhöfer, Dietmar Fries, Christian Preuß Hernández and Michael Joannidis

Continuous renal replacement therapy in COVID-19—associated AKI: adding heparin to citrate to extend filter life—a retrospective cohort study

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may predispose patients to thrombotic events. The best anticoagulation strategy for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in such patients is still under debate. The p...

Authors: Eduardo de Oliveira Valle, Carla Paulina Sandoval Cabrera, Claudia Coimbra César de Albuquerque, Giovanio Vieira da Silva, Márcia Fernanda Arantes de Oliveira, Gabriel Teixeira Montezuma Sales, Igor Smolentzov, Bernardo Vergara Reichert, Lucia Andrade, Victor Faria Seabra, Paulo Ricardo Gessolo Lins and Camila Eleuterio Rodrigues

Inhaled liposomal amphotericin-B as a prophylactic treatment for COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis/aspergillus tracheobronchitis

Authors: Sofie Van Ackerbroeck, Lynn Rutsaert, Ella Roelant, Kathleen Dillen, Joost Wauters and Niels Van Regenmortel

Corticosteroids and RCTs against the supposed undervaluation of real data evidence

Authors: Alejandro Rodríguez, Gerard Moreno, Maria Bodi, Josep Gomez and Ignacio Martín-Loeches

Cholesterol and its association with muscle weakness in critical illness

Authors: Daniel A. Hofmaenner, Anna Kleyman and Mervyn Singer

Machine learning identifies ICU outcome predictors in a multicenter COVID-19 cohort

Intensive Care Resources are heavily utilized during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, risk stratification and prediction of SARS-CoV-2 patient clinical outcomes upon ICU admission remain inadequate. This study ...

Authors: Harry Magunia, Simone Lederer, Raphael Verbuecheln, Bryant Joseph Gilot, Michael Koeppen, Helene A. Haeberle, Valbona Mirakaj, Pascal Hofmann, Gernot Marx, Johannes Bickenbach, Boris Nohe, Michael Lay, Claudia Spies, Andreas Edel, Fridtjof Schiefenhövel, Tim Rahmel…

Serum renin and major adverse kidney events in critically ill patients: a multicenter prospective study

Preliminary studies have suggested that the renin-angiotensin system is activated in critical illness and associated with mortality and kidney outcomes. We sought to assess in a larger, multicenter study the r...

Authors: Alexander H. Flannery, Victor Ortiz-Soriano, Xilong Li, Fabiola G. Gianella, Robert D. Toto, Orson W. Moe, Prasad Devarajan, Stuart L. Goldstein and Javier A. Neyra

Comparison of culture‑negative and culture‑positive sepsis or septic shock: outcomes are more influenced by the nature of the infectious agent itself than by the samples’ positivity

Authors: Romain Jouffroy and Benoît Vivien

Prone positioning during venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Prone positioning (PP) improves oxygenation and respiratory mechanics and is associated with lower mortality in patients with moderate to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Despite this, some p...

Authors: Wynne Hsing Poon, Kollengode Ramanathan, Ryan Ruiyang Ling, Isabelle Xiaorui Yang, Chuen Seng Tan, Matthieu Schmidt and Kiran Shekar

Cerebrospinal fluid cell count variability is a major confounding factor in external ventricular drain-associated infection surveillance diagnostics: a prospective observational study

External ventricular drain (EVD)-related infections (EVDIs) are feared complications that are difficult to rapidly and correctly diagnose, which can lead to unnecessary treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotic...

Authors: Marcus Bådholm, Jonas Blixt, Martin Glimåker, Anders Ternhag, Jonas Hedlund and David W. Nelson

Ceftolozane/tazobactam versus meropenem in patients with ventilated hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia: subset analysis of the ASPECT-NP randomized, controlled phase 3 trial

Ceftolozane/tazobactam is approved for treatment of hospital-acquired/ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia (HABP/VABP) at double the dose approved for other infection sites. Among nosocomial pneumonia sub...

Authors: Jean-François Timsit, Jennifer A. Huntington, Richard G. Wunderink, Nobuaki Shime, Marin H. Kollef, Ülo Kivistik, Martin Nováček, Álvaro Réa-Neto, Ignacio Martin-Loeches, Brian Yu, Erin H. Jensen, Joan R. Butterton, Dominik J. Wolf, Elizabeth G. Rhee and Christopher J. Bruno

Impact of baseline beta-blocker use on inotrope response and clinical outcomes in cardiogenic shock: a subgroup analysis of the DOREMI trial

Cardiogenic shock (CS) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The impact of beta-blocker (BB) use on patients who develop CS remains unknown. We sought to evaluate the clinical outcomes and he...

Authors: Pietro Di Santo, Rebecca Mathew, Richard G. Jung, Trevor Simard, Stephanie Skanes, Brennan Mao, F. Daniel Ramirez, Jeffrey A. Marbach, Omar Abdel-Razek, Pouya Motazedian, Simon Parlow, Kevin E. Boczar, Gianni D’Egidio, Steven Hawken, Jordan Bernick, George A. Wells…

Machine learning model for early prediction of acute kidney injury (AKI) in pediatric critical care

Acute kidney injury (AKI) in pediatric critical care patients is diagnosed using elevated serum creatinine, which occurs only after kidney impairment. There are no treatments other than supportive care for AKI...

Authors: Junzi Dong, Ting Feng, Binod Thapa-Chhetry, Byung Gu Cho, Tunu Shum, David P. Inwald, Christopher J. L. Newth and Vinay U. Vaidya

Intensive care doctors and nurses personal preferences for Intensive Care, as compared to the general population: a discrete choice experiment

To test the hypothesis that Intensive Care Unit (ICU) doctors and nurses differ in their personal preferences for treatment from the general population, and whether doctors and nurses make different choices wh...

Authors: Matthew H. Anstey, Imogen A. Mitchell, Charlie Corke, Lauren Murray, Marion Mitchell, Andrew Udy, Vineet Sarode, Nhi Nguyen, Oliver Flower, Kwok M. Ho, Edward Litton, Bradley Wibrow and Richard Norman

Management of severe trauma worldwide: implementation of trauma systems in emerging countries: China, Russia and South Africa

As emerging countries, China, Russia, and South Africa are establishing and/or improving their trauma systems. China has recently established a trauma system named “the Chinese Regional Trauma Care System” and...

Authors: Jing Zhou, Tianbing Wang, Igor Belenkiy, Timothy Craig Hardcastle, Jean-Jacques Rouby and Baoguo Jiang

Letter to the editor regarding Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Authors: Dominik Johannes Hoechter, Andrea Sabine Becker-Pennrich, Benjamin Peter Geisler, Bernhard Zwissler, Michael Irlbeck, Kollengode Ramanathan, Kiran Shekar, Ryan Ruiyang Ling, Ryan Barbaro, Graeme MacLaren, Eddy Fan and Daniel Brodie

Correction to: Relationship between ventilator-associated pneumonia and mortality in COVID-19 patients: a planned ancillary analysis of the coVAPid cohort

Authors: Saad Nseir, Ignacio Martin-Loeches, Pedro Povoa, Matthieu Metzelard, Damien Du Cheyron, Fabien Lambiotte, Fabienne Tamion, Marie Labruyere, Demosthenes Makris, Claire Boulle Geronimi, Marc Pinetonde Chambrun, Martine Nyunga, Olivier Pouly, Bruno Mégarbane, Anastasia Saade, Gemma Gomà…

Association of intensity of ventilation with 28-day mortality in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory failure: insights from the PRoVENT-COVID study

The intensity of ventilation, reflected by driving pressure (ΔP) and mechanical power (MP), has an association with outcome in invasively ventilated patients with or without acute respiratory distress syndrome...

Authors: Michiel T. U. Schuijt, Marcus J. Schultz, Frederique Paulus and Ary Serpa Neto

Course and predictors of posttraumatic stress-related symptoms among family members of deceased ICU patients during the first year of bereavement

Death in intensive care units (ICUs) may increase bereaved family members’ risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, posttraumatic stress-related symptoms (hereafter as PTSD symptoms) and their p...

Authors: Siew Tzuh Tang, Chung-Chi Huang, Tsung-Hui Hu, Wen-Chi Chou, Li-Pang Chuang and Ming Chu Chiang

Breathing variability—implications for anaesthesiology and intensive care

The respiratory system reacts instantaneously to intrinsic and extrinsic inputs. This adaptability results in significant fluctuations in breathing parameters, such as respiratory rate, tidal volume, and inspi...

Authors: Oscar F. C. van den Bosch, Ricardo Alvarez-Jimenez, Harm-Jan de Grooth, Armand R. J. Girbes and Stephan A. Loer

Feasibility of a home-based interdisciplinary rehabilitation program for patients with Post-Intensive Care Syndrome: the REACH study

Survivors of critical illness experience long-term functional challenges, which are complex, heterogeneous, and multifactorial in nature. Although the importance of rehabilitation interventions after intensive...

Authors: Mel E. Major, Daniela Dettling-Ihnenfeldt, Stephan P. J. Ramaekers, Raoul H. H. Engelbert and Marike van der Schaaf

Association of cerebrospinal fluid protein biomarkers with outcomes in patients with traumatic and non-traumatic acute brain injury: systematic review of the literature

Acute brain injuries are associated with high mortality rates and poor long-term functional outcomes. Measurement of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in patients with acute brain injuries may help elucidat...

Authors: Carlos A. Santacruz, Jean-Louis Vincent, Andres Bader, Luis A. Rincón-Gutiérrez, Claudia Dominguez-Curell, David Communi and Fabio S. Taccone