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Limitation of life-sustaining therapies in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a descriptive epidemiological investigation from the COVID-ICU study

Critical Care volume 27, Article number: 103 (2023) Cite this article

A Comment to this article was published on 22 May 2023

Abstract

Background

Limitations of life-sustaining therapies (LST) practices are frequent and vary among intensive care units (ICUs). However, scarce data were available during the COVID-19 pandemic when ICUs were under intense pressure. We aimed to investigate the prevalence, cumulative incidence, timing, modalities, and factors associated with LST decisions in critically ill COVID-19 patients.

Methods

We did an ancillary analysis of the European multicentre COVID-ICU study, which collected data from 163 ICUs in France, Belgium and Switzerland. ICU load, a parameter reflecting stress on ICU capacities, was calculated at the patient level using daily ICU bed occupancy data from official country epidemiological reports. Mixed effects logistic regression was used to assess the association of variables with LST limitation decisions.

Results

Among 4671 severe COVID-19 patients admitted from February 25 to May 4, 2020, the prevalence of in-ICU LST limitations was 14.5%, with a nearly six-fold variability between centres. Overall 28-day cumulative incidence of LST limitations was 12.4%, which occurred at a median of 8 days (3–21). Median ICU load at the patient level was 126%. Age, clinical frailty scale score, and respiratory severity were associated with LST limitations, while ICU load was not. In-ICU death occurred in 74% and 95% of patients, respectively, after LST withholding and withdrawal, while median survival time was 3 days (1–11) after LST limitations.

Conclusions

In this study, LST limitations frequently preceded death, with a major impact on time of death. In contrast to ICU load, older age, frailty, and the severity of respiratory failure during the first 24 h were the main factors associated with decisions of LST limitations.

Background

In spring 2020, Europe experienced the first surge of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, leading to a large number of intensive care unit (ICU) admissions of severe COVID-19 patients requiring both prolonged mechanical ventilation and ICU stay, and placing an unprecedented strain on ICUs and healthcare systems. High mortality related to the most severe forms, including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), was initially reported as reaching 40% [1]. However, mortality rates decreased over time, with a regional variability observed between centres [2, 3]. Nationwide studies in the USA, the United Kingdom, France and Belgium investigated the reasons of the variability in mortality rates, with an emphasis on organizational aspects [2,3,4,5,6,7]. Importantly, findings suggested an increased COVID-19-related mortality when ICUs were overwhelmed. Facing an important surge of COVID-19 patients, facilities expanded their ICU capacities and, in some instances, scarcity of ventilators, ICU beds, staff resources, or drug use raised ethical dilemmas related to critical care resource allocation and triage [8, 9]. Ethical discussions are part of the daily process of care in the ICU where decisions to withdraw or withhold life-sustaining treatments (LST) are common. The recent Ethicus-2 study including 199 ICUs across four continents and 36 countries found an LST limitation cumulative incidence rate of 11.8% and an associated mortality of 71.9% and 88.5%, respectively, after withholding and withdrawing LST [10]. In addition, one half of deaths are preceded by LST decisions in the ICU [11, 12]. Age, comorbidities, and illness severity are considered important features when discussing LST limitations [13], but a substantial variability has been reported worldwide regarding the frequencies, modalities and timing of LST decisions, as well as between ICUs within countries [10, 14,15,16].

Before the COVID-19 pandemic, pressure on ICU capacity was suggested to influence both mortality [17, 18] and LST decisions [19]. However, few data have been reported to date on LST decisions in critically ill COVID-19 patients during the pandemic or when ICU capacities are facing an exceptional challenge. We sought to investigate the prevalence, cumulative incidence, timing and modalities of LST decisions in critically ill COVID-19 patients, as well as the individual and organizational factors associated with these decisions.

Methods

Study design and patients

We did an ancillary analysis of the COVID-ICU study, a multicentre, prospective, cohort study conducted in 164 ICUs across three European countries (France, Belgium, and Switzerland), which described outcomes and risk factors of 90-day mortality of critically ill COVID-19 patients [1]. The study was launched by the Réseau Européen de recherche en Ventilation Artificielle (REVA) and included all consecutive patients aged > 16 years admitted to participating ICUs with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection between February 25 and May 4, 2020. The ethics committees of the French Intensive Care Society (CE-SRLF 20-23), Belgium (2020-294), and Switzerland (BASEC #2020-00704) approved the study according to regulations for each participating country. All patients or next of kin were informed that patient data would be anonymously included in the COVID-ICU database. Patients and relatives had the possibility to decline participation in the study. In that case, data were not collected. The study followed the STROBE statement for the reporting of observational studies [20].

All patients with laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection and available data regarding LST decisions and day-90 vital status were included in the study. Laboratory confirmation for SARS-Cov-2 was defined as a positive result of a real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay from either nasal or pharyngeal swabs, or lower respiratory tract samples.

Data collection

Day 1 was defined as the first day when the patient was present in the ICU at 10 am. Each day, study investigators completed a standardized electronic case report form. Data collected included baseline demographic characteristics within the first 24 h after ICU admission (day 1), comorbidities, simplified acute physiology score (SAPS-II) [21], sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score [22], the clinical frailty scale score [23], date of first symptom/s, and ICU admission date. Local investigators documented the following information in a daily expanded dataset: presence of a respiratory support device (oxygen mask, high-flow nasal cannula, noninvasive or invasive mechanical ventilation); arterial blood gases; FiO2; PaO2/FiO2 ratio; use of neuromuscular blockers or corticosteroids (regardless of the indication and the dose); and standard laboratory parameters. Data were also collected on complications and organ dysfunction during the ICU stay, including acute kidney injury treated with renal replacement therapy, thromboembolic complications, ventilator-associated pneumonia and cardiac arrest, as well as detailed treatment limitation decisions.

If an LST limitation was decided upon during ICU stay, investigators were asked to record in detail the following items: cardiovascular support (vasopressors, do-not-resuscitate order); ventilatory support (invasive or non-invasive, intubation, tracheotomy, respiratory device settings, FiO2); renal replacement therapy; blood transfusion; enteral or parenteral nutrition; surgical emergency treatment; antibiotics; and intracranial pressure monitoring.

Definitions

Geographical areas (hereafter referred to as “regions”) were set as the national administrative divisions, i.e., provinces for Belgium, departments for France, and cantons for Switzerland. To assess the strain on ICU capacities caused by the surge of COVID-19 patients, the ICU load was first computed at the regional level on a daily basis as:

$$\frac{{Number\;of\; ICU\; beds\; occupied\; by\; COVID{ - }19\; patients \;on\; a\; given\; day}}{Total\; number \;of\; baseline\; ICU\; beds\; before\; the\;pandemic }$$

This dynamic parameter was defined according to Bravata et al. [4] The ICU load at the patient level was finally defined as the mean ICU load in the region during the patient’s ICU stay. An ICU load of 100% reflected that all baseline ICU beds were occupied by COVID-19 patients, while an ICU load over 100% meant that the number of COVID-19 patients exceeded the baseline ICU hospitalization capacity. The number of baseline regional ICU beds before the pandemic and daily regional ICU bed occupancy during the first surge of the pandemic were based on data publicly available from official epidemiological reports on governmental websites including Public Health France and the French Ministry of Health, the Belgium Health Public Institute “Sciensano”, and the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health (see Additional file 1: Data Supplement, p 4). Treatment limitations were categorized as LST withholding or withdrawal, according to the decision recorded in the daily expanded dataset by local investigators (see Additional file 1: Data Supplement, p 5). A patient with a decision of LST withdrawal after an LST withholding decision was classified in the “LST withdrawal” group.

Statistical analysis

Patients’ baseline characteristics, first 24-h in-ICU variables, treatments, organizational parameters, and ICU load at the patient level were described overall according to the following LST groups: (1) no LST; (2) LST withholding; and (3) LST withdrawal, whether or not preceded by an LST withholding decision. Continuous variables were described as medians (interquartile range [IQR]) and categorical variables as counts and percentages. Time to LST withholding and withdrawal decisions from ICU admission was estimated using a cumulative incidence function with ICU discharge and death during ICU stay as competing risks. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were plotted for the estimation of time to death from the first treatment limitation decision. In further analyses, the treatment limitation decision was dichotomized as LST withholding or withdrawal versus no limitation. Associations between variables and treatment limitation were estimated in a complete case analysis using a random intercept logistic regression model to account for the clustering of patients within centres. The following baseline variables obtained during the first 24 h in the ICU were included in the multivariable model and defined a priori (no statistical variable selection method was planned): age; gender; nursing home resident; clinical frailty scale score (non-frail [1,2,3], pre-frail [4], frail [≥ 5]); body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2; diabetes; hypertension; chronic heart failure; ischemic cardiomyopathy; chronic respiratory disease; chronic kidney disease; immunodepression; past hematologic disease; time between first signs and ICU admission; ICU admission period; ICU load; SOFA cardiovascular component ≥ 3; SOFA renal component ≥ 3; and ARDS severity during the first 24 h in the ICU. A sensitivity analysis was performed in centres including ≥ 10 patients.

Heterogeneity in withholding/withdrawal decisions between centres was investigated using meta-analytical methods to combine proportions on a logit scale and evaluated using a likelihood ratio test. Variability between centres was assessed with the tau statistic (standard deviation of the random effect) [24]. This analysis was restricted to centres including 10 patients or more. Subgroup analyses were performed according to the number of patients included by centre (i.e., 10–29 patients, 30–49 patients, ≥ 50 patients) and in centres including at least 10 patients aged 75 years or over.

Analyses were performed on a complete case analysis with no missing data imputation. Statistical significance was set at the two-sided 0.05 value for all analyses. Analyses were computed with R software, version R-4.0.2 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, https://www.r-project.org).

Role of the funding source

The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, writing of the report, or the decision to submit for publication.

Results

Study population

Among the 4746 patients included in the study from February 25 to May 4, 2020, LST status recorded in the daily dataset report form was missing for 75 patients (Fig. 1). Hence, 4671 patients were included in the final analysis. Median age of patients was 63 (54–70) years, and 26% were women. Eighty-two percent had at least one comorbidity and the median clinical frailty scale score was 2 (2–3). ARDS severity was mild, moderate and severe in 24%, 49% and 28% of patients, respectively, and invasive mechanical ventilation was initiated for 2866 patients (61%) during the first 24 h. All baseline characteristics of the study population are shown in Table 1.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Flowchart of study population

Full size image
Table 1 Characteristics of the included study population according to LST withholding or withdrawing during ICU stay
Full size table

Modalities of LST withholding and withdrawal

LST limitation decisions during ICU stay occurred for 675 (period prevalence = 14.5%) patients, including a withholding decision in 656 (period prevalence = 14.0%) and a withdrawal decision in 297 (period prevalence = 6.4%) patients. A withdrawal decision was mostly preceded by an LST withholding decision (278/297 [93.6%]) (Table 1). LST withholding frequently included several modalities, with 82% percent of patients presenting two or more modalities of withholding (see Additional file 1: Data Supplement, tables E1 and E2). A do-not-resuscitate order was the most frequent modality of LST withholding (86.6%), followed by limitations of renal replacement therapy initiation (62.8%) and an initiation or increase of vasopressors (60.2%). At the time of LST withholding decisions, patients who had a further decision of LST withdrawal included more treatment restrictions. LST withdrawal involved predominantly vasopressors (53.2%), renal replacement therapy (41.1%), and mechanical ventilation (31.6%). Extubation was decided in 24.9%. Of note, among all patients with a withholding decision (656), only 59 (9%) patients had solely a do-not-resuscitate order, and among these 59 patients, only 7 patients had finally a withdrawing.

Table 2 Patient characteristics associated with LST limitations
Full size table

At 28 and 90 days, the cumulative incidence of LST limitation in patients with complete date data (4549/4671) was 12.4% and 14.8%, respectively (Fig. 2A). Decisions on LST limitations were taken at a median of 8 days (range 3–21) after ICU admission. The cumulative incidence of LST limitation in patients with complete data for all variables (3051/4671) is shown in Figure E1 (see Additional file 1: Data Supplement). The results were similar between these two cohorts.

Fig. 2
figure 2

A Cumulative incidence plot of time from ICU admission to first LST limitation decision, and B survival probability after LST withholding or withdrawing decisions within 14 days after ICU admission

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Factors associated with LST limitations

Median ICU load was 126% (range 71–187). ICU load distribution at the patient level and according to LST categories are presented in Figures E2 and E3 (see Additional file 1: Online Data Supplement). The multivariable model included 3051 patients (Table 2). Age, clinical frailty scale score, and first 24-h respiratory failure severity were independently associated with a decision of LST limitation. Importantly, the odds ratios of the age categories ≥ 65 and ≤ 75 years and ≥ 75 years were 2.00 (1.51–2.64) and 8.30 (5.95–11.6), respectively, compared to patients aged < 65 years (p < 0.001). The decision of LST limitation was significantly associated with pre-frail and frail status compared to non-frail patients, with odds ratios of 1.61 (1.11–2.32) and 3.02 (1.89–4.82), respectively (p < 0.001). By contrast, an ICU load over 100% was associated with a decreased probability of LST limitation, but time to LST decision did not differ according to ICU load category. A sensitivity analysis yielded similar results when omitting centres including < 10 patients (data not shown).

Centre characteristics, adjunct measures during ICU stay according to LST limitation status, and time to LST decision according to ICU load category are presented in Tables E3, E4 and E5, respectively (see Additional file 1: Online Data Supplement).

Variability of LST limitations between centres

Of the 163 participating centres, 121 included 10 patients or more, representing a total of 4492 patients. The estimated overall proportion of patients with an LST limitation was 12.5% (95% CI 11.0–14.2; Fig. 3). There was a significant heterogeneity between centres, with a tau of 0.539 (likelihood-ratio test p value < 0.001). Hence, it was expected that the prevalence of LST limitations in 95% of centres would lie within 4.7% and 29.1%. Similar results were observed in the subpopulation of patients aged ≥ 75 years and regardless to the number of patients included per centre (see Additional file 1: Tables E6, E7, Figure E4).

Fig. 3
figure 3

Distribution of estimated prevalence of life-sustaining treatment limitations according to centres

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Outcomes

Overall, 1347 patients (29%) died within 90 days of follow-up after ICU admission. An LST withholding or withdrawal decision during ICU stay preceded death in 561 patients (42%). Of the 675 patients who experienced treatment limitation during their ICU stay, 561 (83%) died within 90 days of follow-up. In-ICU death occurred for 279 (74%) and 282 (95%) patients, respectively, after LST withholding and withdrawal. Survival time after the first treatment limitation decision was evaluated in patients with an LST decision within 14 days after ICU admission. Median survival time was 3 days (range 1–11), with a 28- and 60-day survival after a first limitation of 15.7% (95% CI 12.8–19.4) and 14.2% (95% CI 11.4–17.7), respectively (Fig. 2B).

Discussion

This European multicentre study of 4671 patients provides the most exhaustive descriptive analysis to date on LST limitations in patients admitted to the ICU during the first surge of the COVID-19 pandemic. The global period prevalence of in-ICU LST limitation decisions was 14.5%, with an important variability between centres. However, this variability was not related to the patient and/or centre characteristics analyzed in the study. Age, clinical frailty scale score, and respiratory severity were the patient characteristics most associated with decisions of LST limitations. Interestingly, while ICU load reflected an overwhelming surge of COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU, the strain on ICU capacities was associated with a decreased probability of LST limitation. Not unexpectedly, decisions of LST withholding and withdrawal were followed by high short-term mortality and frequently preceded in-ICU death.

With regards to previously published data on LST limitations in the ICU [10, 14, 15], our findings reflected a similar incidence rate and patient characteristics taken into account for ethical decision-making. A 14.5% prevalence of LST limitations is consistent with the recently reported incidence of 11.8% of all-cause ICU admissions reported in the worldwide Ethicus-2 study [10]. Older age and illness severity at ICU admission was associated with limitations of LST as already demonstrated in a general population of critically ill patients [14]. However, the frailty score was only found to be associated with decisions of LST limitations in the ICU in the very elderly (≥ 80 years) [13]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that factors associated with LST limitations in a setting of an overwhelming surge of critically ill patients or in a subpopulation of acute hypoxic respiratory failure patients have been identified.

The important (up to six-fold) variability of the prevalence of LST limitations observed between centres in a homogeneous population of severe COVID-19 patients represents a significant and original result of our study. Interestingly, this variability was not explained by patient or organizational characteristics of the centres. Indeed, between-ICU variability in ethical decision-making in the same range has already been reported in nationwide and international studies [10, 16, 25]. Some factors unrelated to individual characteristics have been identified as associated with this variability. For example, the frequency of LST limitations is higher in countries with a high gross domestic product and lower in countries where religion is important [13]. In addition, there is currently no uniform approach to the LST limitation decision-making process that could take into account all individual, relatives and social determinants, particularly in a new disease. Therefore, variability between ICUs possibly reflects differences in institutional policies [25].

A significant variability in mortality rates was reported in several nationwide studies during the COVID-19 pandemic, with some highlighting an increased mortality rate when ICU resources were strained, but without any clear explanation of the mechanism involved [2,3,4,5,6,7]. A retrospective study of 9891 patients who died in the ICU suggested the positive association of strain on ICU capacities and a shorter time to end-of-life decision-making [19]. In the context of important ethical discussions regarding the allocation of critical care resources during the first surge of the pandemic, it appeared important to investigate the effect of ICU load on LST limitation decisions. Using the parameter proposed by Bravata et al.,[4] we were able to calculate this marker reflecting strain on regional ICU resources from pre-pandemic baseline capacities and daily ICU bed occupancy data at the patient level. Despite an increased median of 126%, ICU load was associated with a lower treatment limitation probability. However, we were unable to investigate if this result was due to triage before ICU admission. Another unexplored hypothesis to explain the increased mortality in regions of high ICU strain could be related to understaffing leading to suboptimal practices, with an impact on adverse events [18].

Of note, there are few data on LST limitations in the literature reporting an epidemiological analysis of severe COVID-19 patients during the pandemic [26], apart from the COVIP European study, which described the characteristics of elderly patients admitted to ICUs [27]. The latter study reported a higher incidence rate of LST limitation at day 30 in COVID-19 patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients. LST limitation was associated with the frailty scale score[28] and the COVID-19 incidence rate [29], thus suggesting that decisions of LST limitations could potentially be influenced by pressure on the healthcare system. Unfortunately, the authors did not explicitly investigate the relationship of LST limitations with strain on ICU resources.

The high mortality following decisions of LST withholding and withdrawal in our cohort of severe COVID-19 patients is similar to rates reported in the pre-pandemic literature [10]. However, when added to the prevalence of LST limitations observed and the unexplained variability across centres, these results emphasize the need to improve the reporting of LST limitations in randomized, controlled trials of COVID-19 patients managed in the ICU. Indeed, knowledge of LST decisions is of importance when assessing mortality or short-term endpoints, such as organ support-free days or duration, as both the modality and timing of LST limitations undoubtedly impact on mortality. Messika et al. demonstrated that LST limitations were rarely reported in randomized, controlled trials in critical care and that an imbalance between two groups concerning the proportion of LST decisions may affect results, particularly in open design trials [30]. To date, no randomized, controlled trial including COVID-19 patients in the ICU setting has reported rates and timing of LST limitations or proposed the standardization of treatment limitation decisions.

The strength of our study lies in the detailed description of decisions of LST limitations in the ICU during the first surge of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the study has several limitations. First, we focused on decisions of LST limitation during ICU stay, but we are not able to provide data on triage before ICU admission. Second, our analysis was restricted to patients admitted to the ICU during the first surge. Considering likely changes of ICU practices after the first wave and a steep learning curve in the context of this new disease, we cannot exclude a subsequent different prevalence of LST limitations. However, some of our findings in the particular context of COVID-19 confirmed previous reports in a general ICU patient population. Third, as reported in the tables, some variables have missing data due to an important workload for intensivists during the first surge of the pandemic, which prevented the completion of research case report forms. Fourth, we did not investigate the variability of the timing of LST limitations between centres. Finally, we recognize that the method used to calculate the ICU load parameter over the entire patient ICU stay may have underestimated the exact load of care on a given day. Considering that all LST limitation decisions have been made during the ICU stay, we believe that this approach has limited the temporal delay between ICU load and LST limitation decision. In addition, we made the assumption that ICU load was the best parameter to assess ICU strain, with the hypothesis that the COVID-19-related ICU load was inferior to 100% of baseline ICU bed occupancy in France and Belgium before March 19, 2020, which is the date from when daily ICU occupancy data were communicated.

Conclusions

In this multicentre observational study, older age, frailty, and the severity of respiratory failure during the first 24 h were the main factors associated with decisions of LST limitations. Our results did not support the association between ICU load and higher mortality. Importantly, our results showed very significant differences in LST limitation rates between centres. LST limitations frequently preceded death, with a major impact on time of death, and this should be reported in future studies evaluating ICU mortality with severe COVID-19 or critically ill patients.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Abbreviations

ARDS:

Acute respiratory distress syndrome

ICU:

Intensive care unit

IQR:

Interquartile range

LST:

Life-sustaining therapies

REVA:

Réseau Européen de recherche en Ventilation Artificielle

SAPS-II:

Simplified acute physiology score II

SOFA:

Sequential organ failure assessment

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Acknowledgements

This study was funded by the Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris Foundation through the programme “Alliance Tous Unis Contre le Virus”, Clinical Research and Development Department, French Ministry of Health, and the Private Foundation of Geneva University Hospitals. The Reseau European de recherche en Ventilation Artificielle (REVA) network received a Euro75,000 research grant from Air Liquide Healthcare. We thank all physicians and ICU staff for their dedication in the care of our patients. We acknowledge the contributions of the Clinical Research Centre, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine (Isabelle Semac, Véronique Ménoni, Emmanuelle Lelong-Favre, Sophie Longchamp and Isabelle Mercier). We also acknowledge with gratitude all the French and Belgian clinical research centres, medical students, students of the Polytechnic University, and all the volunteers for their amazing help in data collection. We thank Rosemary Sudan for editorial assistance. Participating Sites and COVID–ICU Investigators; CHU Angers, Angers, France (Alain Mercat, Pierre Asfar, François Beloncle, Julien Demiselle), APHP - Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (Tài Pham, Arthur Pavot, Xavier Monnet, Christian Richard), APHP - Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France (Alexandre Demoule, Martin Dres, Julien Mayaux, Alexandra Beurton), CHU Caen Normandie - Hôpital Côte de Nacre, Caen, France, (Cédric Daubin, Richard Descamps, Aurélie Joret, Damien Du Cheyron), APHP - Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France (Frédéric Pene, Jean-Daniel Chiche, Mathieu Jozwiak, Paul Jaubert), APHP - Hôpital Tenon, Paris (France, Guillaume Voiriot, Muriel Fartoukh, Marion Teulier, Clarisse Blayau), CHRU de Brest – La Cavale Blanche, Brest, France (Erwen L'Her, Cécile Aubron, Laetitia Bodenes, Nicolas Ferriere), Centre Hospitalier de Cholet, Cholet, France (Johann Auchabie, Anthony Le Meur, Sylvain Pignal, Thierry Mazzoni), CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France (Jean-Pierre Quenot, Pascal Andreu, Jean- Baptiste Roudau, Marie Labruyère), CHU Lille - Hôpital Roger Salengero, Lille, France (Saad Nseir, Sébastien Preau, Julien Poissy, Daniel Mathieu), Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Longjumeau, France (Sarah Benhamida, Rémi Paulet, Nicolas Roucaud, Martial Thyrault), APHM - Hopital Nord, Marseille, France (Florence Daviet, Sami Hraiech, Gabriel Parzy, Aude Sylvestre), Hôpital de Melun- Sénart, Melun, France (Sébastien Jochmans, Anne-Laure Bouilland, Mehran Monchi), Élément Militaire de Réanimation du SSA, Mulhouse, France (Marc Danguy des Déserts, Quentin Mathais, Gwendoline Rager, Pierre Pasquier), CHU Nantes - Hôpital Hotel Dieu, Nantes, France (Jean Reignier, Amélie Seguin, Charlotte Garret, Emmanuel Canet), CHU Nice - Hôpital Archet, Nice, France (Jean Dellamonica, Clément Saccheri, Romain Lombardi, Yanis Kouchit), Centre Hospitalier d'Orléans, Orléans, France (Sophie Jacquier, Armelle Mathonnet, Mai-Ahn Nay, Isabelle Runge), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de la Guadeloupe, Pointe-à-Pitre, France (Frédéric Martino, Laure Flurin, Amélie Rolle, Michel Carles), Hôpital de la Milétrie, Poitiers, France (Rémi Coudroy, Arnaud W Thille, Jean-Pierre Frat, Maeva Rodriguez), Centre Hospitalier Roanne, Roanne, France (Pascal Beuret, Audrey Tientcheu, Arthur Vincent, Florian Michelin), CHU Rouen - Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France (Fabienne Tamion, Dorothée Carpentier, Déborah Boyer, Gaetan Beduneau), CHRU Tours - Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France (Valérie Gissot, Stéphan Ehrmann, Charlotte Salmon Gandonniere, Djlali Elaroussi), Centre Hospitalier Bretagne Atlantique, Vannes, France (Agathe Delbove, Yannick Fedun, Julien Huntzinger, Eddy Lebas), CHU Liège, Liège, Belgique (Grâce Kisoka, Céline Grégoire, Stella Marchetta, Bernard Lambermont), Hospices Civils de Lyon - Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France (Laurent Argaud, Thomas Baudry, Pierre-Jean Bertrand, Auguste Dargent), Centre Hospitalier Du Mans, Le Mans, France (Christophe Guitton, Nicolas Chudeau, Mickaël Landais, Cédric Darreau), Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Le Chesnay, France (Alexis Ferre, Antoine Gros, Guillaume Lacave, Fabrice Bruneel), Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France (Mathilde Neuville, JérômeDevaquet, Guillaume Tachon, Richard Gallot), Hôpital Claude Galien, Quincy sous Senart, France (Riad Chelha, Arnaud Galbois, Anne Jallot, Ludivine Chalumeau Lemoine), GHR Mulhouse Sud-Alsace, Mulhouse, France (Khaldoun Kuteifan, Valentin Pointurier, Louise-Marie Jandeaux, Joy Mootien), APHP - Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France (Charles Damoisel, Benjamin Sztrymf), APHP - Hôpital Pitié- Salpêtrière, Paris, France (Matthieu Schmidt, Alain Combes, Juliette Chommeloux, Charles Edouard Luyt), Hôpital Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France (Frédérique Schortgen, Leon Rusel, Camille Jung), Hospices Civils de Lyon - Hôpital Neurologique, Lyon, France (Florent Gobert), APHP - Hôpital Necker, Paris, France (Damien Vimpere, Lionel Lamhaut), Centre Hospitalier Public du Cotentin - Hôpital Pasteur, Cherbourg-en-cotentin, France (Bertrand Sauneuf, Liliane Charrrier, Julien Calus, Isabelle Desmeules), CHU Rennes - Hôpital du Pontchaillou, Rennes, France (Benoît Painvin, Jean- Marc Tadie), CHU Strasbourg - Hôpital Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France (Vincent Castelain, Baptiste Michard, Jean-Etienne Herbrecht, Mathieu Baldacini), APHP - Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France (Nicolas Weiss, Sophie Demeret, Clémence Marois, Benjamin Rohaut), Centre Hospitalier Territorial Gaston-Bourret, Nouméa, France (Pierre-Henri Moury, Anne-Charlotte Savida, Emmanuel Couadau, Mathieu Série), Centre Hospitalier Compiègne-Noyon, Compiègne, France (Nica Alexandru), Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Joseph, Paris, France (Cédric Bruel, Candice Fontaine, Sonia Garrigou, Juliette Courtiade Mahler), Centre hospitalier mémorial de Saint-Lô, Saint-Lô, France (Maxime Leclerc, Michel Ramakers), Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien, Jossigny, France (Pierre Garçon, Nicole Massou, Ly Van Vong, Juliane Sen), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France (Nolwenn Lucas, Franck Chemouni, Annabelle Stoclin), Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France (Alexandre Avenel, Henri Faure, Angélie Gentilhomme, Sylvie Ricome), Hospices Civiles de Lyon - Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France (Paul Abraham, Céline Monard, Julien Textoris, Thomas Rimmele), Centre Hospitalier d'Avignon, Avignon, France (Florent Montini), Groupe Hospitalier Diaconesses - Croix Saint Simon, Paris, France (Gabriel Lejour, Thierry Lazard, Isabelle Etienney, Younes Kerroumi), CHU Clermont-Ferrand - Hôpital Gabriel Montpied, Clermont Ferrand, France (Claire Dupuis, Marine Bereiziat , Elisabeth Coupez, François Thouy), Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Percy, Clamart, France (Clément Hoffmann, Nicolas Donat, Anne Chrisment, Rose-Marie Blot), CHU Nancy - Hôpital Brabois, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France (Antoine Kimmoun, Audrey Jacquot, Matthieu Mattei, Bruno Levy), Centre Hospitalier de Vichy, Vichy, France (Ramin Ravan, Loïc Dopeux, Jean-Mathias Liteaudon, Delphine Roux), Hopital Pierre Bérégovoy, Nevers, France (Brice Rey, Radu Anghel, Deborah Schenesse , Vincent Gevrey), Centre Hospitalier de Tarbes, Tarbes, France (Jermy Castanera, Philippe Petua, Benjamin Madeux), Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar - Hôpital Louis pasteur, Colmar, France (Otto Hartman), CHU Charleroi - Hôpital Marie Curie, Bruxelles, Belgique (Michael Piagnerelli, Anne Joosten,Cinderella Noel, Patrick Biston), Centre hospitalier de Verdun Saint Mihiel, Saint Mihiel, France (Thibaut Noel), CH Eure-Seine - Hôpital d'Evreux-Vernon, Evreux, France (Gurvan LE Bouar, Messabi Boukhanza, Elsa Demarest, Marie-France Bajolet), Hôpital René Dubos, Pontoise, France (Nathanaël Charrier, Audrey Quenet, Cécile Zylberfajn, Nicolas Dufour), APHP - Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France (Buno Mégarbane, Sébastian Voicu, Nicolas Deye, Isabelle Malissin), Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Brieuc, Saint-Brieuc, France (François Legay, Matthieu Debarre, Nicolas Barbarot, Pierre Fillatre), Polyclinique Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France (Bertrand Delord, Thomas Laterrade, Tahar Saghi, Wilfried Pujol), HIA Sainte Anne, Toulon, France (Pierre Julien Cungi, Pierre Esnault, Mickael Cardinale), Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien, Meaux, France (Vivien Hong Tuan Ha, Grégory Fleury, Marie-Ange Brou, Daniel Zafimahazo), HIA Robert Picqué, Villenave d'Ornon, France (David Tran-Van, Patrick Avargues, Lisa Carenco), Centre Hospitalier Fontainebleau, Fontainebleau, France (Nicolas Robin, Alexandre Ouali, Lucie Houdou), Hôpital Universitaire de Genève, Genève, Suisse (Christophe Le Terrier, Noémie Suh, Steve Primmaz, Jérome Pugin), APHP - Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France (Emmanuel Weiss, Tobias Gauss, Jean-Denis Moyer, Catherine Paugam Burtz), Groupe Hospitalier Bretage Sud, Lorient, France (Béatrice La Combe, Rolland Smonig, Jade Violleau, Pauline Cailliez), Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Toulon, La Seyne sur Mer, France (Jonathan Chelly), Centre Hospitalier de Dieppe, Dieppe, France (Antoine Marchalot, Cécile Saladin, Christelle Bigot), CHU de Martinique, Fort-de-France, France (Pierre- Marie Fayolle, Jules Fatséas, Amr Ibrahim, Dabor Resiere), Hôpital Fondation Adolphe de Rothchild, Paris, France (Rabih Hage, Clémentine Cholet, Marie Cantier, Pierre Trouiler), APHP - Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France (Philippe Montravers, Brice Lortat-Jacob, Sebastien Tanaka, Alexy Tran Dinh), APHP - Hôpital Universitaire Paris Sud, Bicêtre, France (Jacques Duranteau, Anatole Harrois, Guillaume Dubreuil, Marie Werner), APHP - Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (Anne Godier, Sophie Hamada, Diane Zlotnik, Hélène Nougue) , APHP, GHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France (Armand Mekontso-Dessap, Guillaume Carteaux, Keyvan Razazi, Nicolas De Prost), APHP - Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Créteil, France (Nicolas Mongardon, Meriam Lamraoui, Claire Alessandri, Quentin de Roux), APHP - Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France (Charles de Roquetaillade, Benjamin G. Chousterman, Alexandre Mebazaa, Etienne Gayat), APHP - Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France (Marc Garnier, Emmanuel Pardo, LeaSatre-Buisson, Christophe Gutton), APHP Hôpital Saint- Louis, Paris, France (Elise Yvin, Clémence Marcault, Elie Azoulay, Michael Darmon), APHP - Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France (Hafid Ait Oufella, Geoffroy Hariri, Tomas Urbina, Sandie Mazerand), APHP - Hôpital Raymond Pointcarré, Garches, France (Nicholas Heming, Francesca Santi, Pierre Moine, Djillali Annane), APHP - Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France (Adrien Bouglé, Edris Omar, Aymeric Lancelot, Emmanuelle Begot), Centre Hospitalier Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil, France (Gaétan Plantefeve, Damien Contou, Hervé Mentec, Olivier Pajot), CHU Toulouse - Hôpital Rangueil, Toulouse, France (Stanislas Faguer, Olivier Cointault, Laurence Lavayssiere, Marie-Béatrice Nogier), Centre Hospitalier de Poissy, Poissy, France (Matthieu Jamme, Claire Pichereau, Jan Hayon, Hervé Outin), APHP - Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France (François Dépret, Maxime Coutrot, Maité Chaussard, Lucie Guillemet), Clinique du MontLégia, CHC Groupe-Santé, Liège, Belgique (Pierre Goffin, Romain Thouny, Julien Guntz, Laurent Jadot), CHU Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France (Romain Persichini), Centre Hospitalier de Tourcoing, Tourcoing, France (Vanessa Jean-Michel, Hugues Georges, Thomas Caulier), Centre Hospitalier Henri Mondor d'Aurillac, Aurillac, France (Gaël Pradel, Marie-Hélène Hausermann, Thi My Hue Nguyen-Valat, Michel Boudinaud), Centre Hospitalier Saint Joseph Saint Luc, Lyon, France (Emmanuel Vivier, SylvèneRosseli, Gaël Bourdin, Christian Pommier) Centre Hospitalier de Polynésie Française, Polynésie, France (Marc Vinclair, Simon Poignant, Sandrine Mons), Ramsay Générale de Santé, Hôpital Privé Jacques Cartier, Massy, France (Wulfran Bougouin), Centre Hospitalier Alpes Léman, Contamine sur Arve, France (Franklin Bruna, Quentin Maestraggi, Christian Roth), Hospices Civils de Lyon - Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France (Laurent Bitker, François Dhelft, Justine Bonnet-Chateau, Mathilde Filippelli), Centre Cardiologique du Nord, Saint- Denis, France (Tristan Morichau-Beauchant, Stéphane Thierry, Charlotte Le Roy, Mélanie Saint Jouan), GHU - Hôpital Saint-Anne, Paris, France (Bruno Goncalves, Aurélien Mazeraud, Matthieu Daniel, Tarek Sharshar) CHR Metz - Hôpital Mercy, Metz, France (Cyril Cadoz, Rostane Gaci, Sébastien Gette, Guillaune Louis), APHP - Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France (Sophe-Caroline Sacleux, Marie-Amélie Ordan), CHRU Nancy - Hôpital Central, Nancy, France (Aurélie Cravoisy, Marie Conrad, Guilhem Courte, Sébastien Gibot), Centre Hospitalier d’Ajaccio, Ajaccio, France (Younès Benzidi, Claudia Casella, Laurent Serpin, Jean-Lou Setti), Centre Hospitalier de Bourges, Bourges, France (Marie-Catherine Besse, Anna Bourreau), Centre hospitalier de la Côte Basque, Bayonne, France (Jérôme Pillot, Caroline Rivera, Camille Vinclair, Marie-Aline Robaux), Hospices Civils de Lyon - Hôpital de la Croix Rousse, Lyon, France (Chloé Achino, Marie-Charlotte Delignette, Tessa Mazard, Frédéric Aubrun), CH Saint-Malo, Saint-Malo, France (Bruno Bouchet, Aurélien Frérou, Laura Muller, Charlotte Quentin), Centre Hospitalier de Mulhouse, Mulhouse, France (Samuel Degoul), Centre Hospitalier de Briançon, Briançon, France (Xavier Stihle, Claude Sumian, Nicoletta Bergero, Bernard Lanaspre), CHU Nice, Hôpital Pasteur 2, Nice, France (Hervé Quintard, Eve Marie Maiziere), Centre Hospitalier des Pays de Morlaix, Morlaix, France (Pierre-Yves Egreteau, Guillaume Leloup, Florin Berteau, Marjolaine Cottrel), Centre Hospitalier Valence, Valence, France (Marie Bouteloup, Matthieu Jeannot, Quentin Blanc, Julien Saison), Centre Hospitalier Niort, Niort, France (Isabelle Geneau, Romaric Grenot, Abdel Ouchike, Pascal Hazera), APHP - Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France (Anne-Lyse Masse, Suela Demiri, Corinne Vezinet, Elodie Baron, Deborah Benchetrit, Antoine Monsel), Clinique du Val d'Or, Saint Cloud, France (Grégoire Trebbia, Emmanuelle Schaack, Raphaël Lepecq, Mathieu Bobet), Centre Hospitalier de Béthune, Béthune, France (Christophe Vinsonneau, Thibault Dekeyser, Quentin Delforge, Imen Rahmani), Groupe Hospitalier Intercommunal de la Haute- Saône, Vesoul, France (Bérengère Vivet, Jonathan Paillot, Lucie Hierle, Claire Chaignat, Sarah Valette), Clinique Saint-Martin, Caen, France (Benoït Her, Jennifier Brunet), Ramsay Générale de Santé, Clinique Convert, Bourg en Bresse, France (Mathieu Page, Fabienne Boiste, Anthony Collin), Hôpital Victor Jousselin, Dreux, France(Florent Bavozet, Aude Garin ,Mohamed Dlala , Kais Mhamdi), Centre Hospitalier de Troye, Troye, France, (Bassem Beilouny, Alexandra Lavalard, Severine Perez), CHU de ROUEN-Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France (Benoit Veber, Pierre-Gildas Guitard, Philippe Gouin, Anna Lamacz), Centre Hospitalier Agen-Nérac, Agen, France (Fabienne Plouvier, Bertrand P Delaborde, Aïssa Kherchache, Amina Chaalal), APHP - Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France (Jean-Damien Ricard, Marc Amouretti, Santiago Freita-Ramos, Damien Roux), APHP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France (Jean-Michel Constantin, Mona Assefi, Marine Lecore, Agathe Selves), Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France (Florian Prevost, Christian Lamer, Ruiying Shi, Lyes Knani), CHU Besançon – Hôpital Jean Minjoz, Besançon, France, (Sébastien Pili Floury, Lucie Vettoretti), APHP - Hôpital Universitaire Robert-Debré, Paris, France (Michael Levy, Lucile Marsac, Stéphane Dauger, Sophie Guilmin-Crépon), CHU Besançon – Hôpital Jean Minjoz, Besançon, France, (Hadrien Winiszewski, Gael Piton, Thibaud Soumagne, Gilles Capellier) ; Médipôle Lyon- Villeurbanne, Vileurbanne, France, (Jean-Baptiste Putegnat, Frédérique Bayle, Maya Perrou, Ghyslaine Thao), APHP - Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt, France (Guillaume Géri, Cyril Charron, Xavier Repessé, Antoine Vieillard-Baron), CHU Amiens Picardie, Amiens, France (Mathieu Guilbart, Pierre- Alexandre Roger, Sébastien Hinard, Pierre-Yves Macq), Hôpital Nord-Ouest, Villefranche-sur-Saône, France (Kevin Chaulier, Sylvie Goutte), CH de Châlons en Champagne, Châlons en Champagne, France (Patrick Chillet, Anaïs Pitta, Barbara Darjent, Amandine Bruneau), CHU Angers, Angers, France (Sigismond Lasocki, Maxime Leger, Soizic Gergaud, Pierre Lemarie), CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France (Nicolas Terzi, Carole Schwebel, Anaïs Dartevel, Louis-Marie Galerneau), APHP - Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France (Jean-Luc Diehl, Caroline Hauw-Berlemont, Nicolas Péron, Emmanuel Guérot), Hôpital Privé d'Antony, Antony, France (Abolfazl Mohebbi Amoli, Michel Benhamou, Jean-Pierre Deyme, Olivier Andremont), Institut Arnault Tzanck,Saint Laurent du Var, France (Diane Lena, Julien Cady, Arnaud Causeret, Arnaud De La Chapelle) ; Centre Hospitalier d’ Angoulême, Angoulême, France (Christophe Cracco, Stéphane Rouleau, David Schnell) ; Centre Hospitalier de Cahors, Cahors, France (Camille Foucault), Centre hospitalier de Carcassonne, Carcassonne, France (Cécile Lory) ; CHU Nice – Hôpital L’Archet 2, Nice, France (Thibault Chapelle, Vincent Bruckert, Julie Garcia, Abdlazize Sahraoui) ; Hôpital Privé du Vert Galant, Tremblay-en- France, France (Nathalie Abbosh, Caroline Bornstain, Pierre Pernet) ; Centre Hospitalier de Rambouillet, Rambouillet, France (Florent Poirson, Ahmed Pasem, Philippe Karoubi) ; Hopitaux du Léman, Thonon les Bains, France (Virginie Poupinel, Caroline Gauthier, François Bouniol, Philippe Feuchere), Centre Hospitalier Victor Jousselin, Dreux, France (Florent Bavozet, Anne Heron), Hôpital Sainte Camille, Brie sur Marne, France (Serge Carreira, Malo Emery, Anne Sophie Le Floch, Luana Giovannangeli), Hôpital d’instruction des armées Clermont-Tonnerre, Brest, France (Nicolas Herzog, Christophe Giacardi, Thibaut Baudic, Chloé Thill), APHP - Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France (Said Lebbah, Jessica Palmyre, Florence Tubach, David Hajage) ; APHP - Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France (Nicolas Bonnet, Nathan Ebstein, Stéphane Gaudry, Yves Cohen) ; Groupement Hospitalier la Rochelle Ré Amis, La Rochelle, France (Julie Noublanche, Olivier Lesieur) ; Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Mont de Marsan et du Pays des Sources, Mont de Marsan, France (Arnaud Sément, Isabel Roca-Cerezo, Michel Pascal, Nesrine Sma) ; Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La- Roche-Sur-Yon, France (Gwenhaël Colin, Jean-Claude Lacherade, Gauthier Bionz, Natacha Maquigneau) ; Pôle Anesthésie-Réanimation, CHU Grenoble (Pierre Bouzat, Michel Durand, Marie- Christine Hérault, Jean-Francois Payen).

Funding

Open access funding provided by University of Geneva. This study was funded by the Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris Foundation through the programme “Alliance Tous Unis Contre le Virus”, Clinical Research and Development Department, French Ministry of Health, and the Private Foundation of Geneva University Hospitals. The Reseau European de recherche en Ventilation Artificielle (REVA) network received a Euro75,000 research grant from Air Liquide Healthcare. The funders of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, writing of the report, or the decision to submit for publication.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Mikhael Giabicani and Christophe Le Terrier have contributed equally.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care, Beaujon Hospital, DMU Parabol, AP-HP Nord, Paris, France

    Mikhael Giabicani & Emmanuel Weiss

  2. Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Paris Cité, Inserm, Laboratoire ETREs, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France

    Mikhael Giabicani & Marie-France Mamzer

  3. Division of Intensive Care, Geneva University Hospitals, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 4 Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, 1211, Geneva 14, Switzerland

    Christophe Le Terrier, Jérôme Pugin & Simon Bourcier

  4. Clinical Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

    Antoine Poncet

  5. Division of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Health and Community Medicine, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

    Antoine Poncet

  6. Service de Réanimation Médicale, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France

    Bertrand Guidet

  7. Réanimation Polyvalente, Centre Hospitalier de Dieppe, Dieppe, France

    Jean-Philippe Rigaud

  8. Department of Intensive Care, François Mitterrand University Hospital, Dijon, France

    Jean-Pierre Quenot

  9. Unité Fonctionnelle d’Ethique Médicale, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, APHP, Paris, France

    Marie-France Mamzer

  10. CHU Angers, Angers, France

    Alain Mercat, Pierre Asfar, François Beloncle, Julien Demiselle, Sigismond Lasocki, Maxime Leger, Soizic Gergaud & Pierre Lemarie

  11. APHP - Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France

    Tài Pham, Arthur Pavot, Xavier Monnet & Christian Richard

  12. APHP - Hôpital Pitié Salpêtrière, Paris, France

    Alexandre Demoule, Martin Dres, Julien Mayaux, Alexandra Beurton, Nicolas Weiss, Sophie Demeret, Clémence Marois, Benjamin Rohaut, Adrien Bouglé, Edris Omar, Aymeric Lancelot, Emmanuelle Begot, Anne-Lyse Masse, Suela Demiri, Corinne Vezinet, Elodie Baron, Deborah Benchetrit, Antoine Monsel, Said Lebbah, Jessica Palmyre, Florence Tubach & David Hajage

  13. CHU Caen Normandie - Hôpital Côte de Nacre, Caen, France

    Cédric Daubin, Richard Descamps, Aurélie Joret & Damien Du Cheyron

  14. APHP - Hôpital Cochin, Paris, France

    Frédéric Pene, Jean-Daniel Chiche, Mathieu Jozwiak & Paul Jaubert

  15. APHP - Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France

    Guillaume Voiriot, Muriel Fartoukh, Marion Teulier & Clarisse Blayau

  16. CHRU de Brest – La Cavale Blanche, Brest, France

    Erwen L’Her, Cécile Aubron, Laetitia Bodenes & Nicolas Ferriere

  17. Centre Hospitalier de Cholet, Cholet, France

    Johann Auchabie, Anthony Le Meur, Sylvain Pignal & Thierry Mazzoni

  18. CHU Dijon Bourgogne, Dijon, France

    Jean-Pierre Quenot, Pascal Andreu, Jean-Baptiste Roudau & Marie Labruyère

  19. CHU Lille - Hôpital Roger Salengero, Lille, France

    Saad Nseir, Sébastien Preau, Julien Poissy & Daniel Mathieu

  20. Groupe Hospitalier Nord Essonne, Longjumeau, France

    Sarah Benhamida, Rémi Paulet, Nicolas Roucaud & Martial Thyrault

  21. APHM - Hopital Nord, Marseille, France

    Florence Daviet, Sami Hraiech, Gabriel Parzy & Aude Sylvestre

  22. Hôpital de Melun-Sénart, Melun, France

    Sébastien Jochmans, Anne-Laure Bouilland & Mehran Monchi

  23. Élément Militaire de Réanimation du SSA, Mulhouse, France

    Marc Danguy des Déserts, Quentin Mathais, Gwendoline Rager & Pierre Pasquier

  24. CHU Nantes - Hôpital Hotel Dieu, Nantes, France

    Jean Reignier, Amélie Seguin, Charlotte Garret & Emmanuel Canet

  25. CHU Nice - Hôpital Archet, Nice, France

    Jean Dellamonica, Clément Saccheri, Romain Lombardi & Yanis Kouchit

  26. Centre Hospitalier d’Orléans, Orléans, France

    Sophie Jacquier, Armelle Mathonnet, Mai-Ahn Nay & Isabelle Runge

  27. Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de La Guadeloupe, Pointe-a-Pitre, France

    Frédéric Martino, Laure Flurin, Amélie Rolle & Michel Carles

  28. Hôpital de La Milétrie, Poitiers, France

    Rémi Coudroy, Arnaud W. Thille, Jean-Pierre Frat & Maeva Rodriguez

  29. Centre Hospitalier Roanne, Roanne, France

    Pascal Beuret, Audrey Tientcheu, Arthur Vincent & Florian Michelin

  30. CHU Rouen - Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France

    Fabienne Tamion, Dorothée Carpentier, Déborah Boyer & Gaetan Beduneau

  31. CHRU Tours - Hôpital Bretonneau, Tours, France

    Valérie Gissot, Stéphan Ehrmann, Charlotte Salmon Gandonniere & Djlali Elaroussi

  32. Centre Hospitalier Bretagne Atlantique, Vannes, France

    Agathe Delbove, Yannick Fedun, Julien Huntzinger & Eddy Lebas

  33. CHU Liège, Liège, Belgium

    Grâce Kisoka, Céline Grégoire, Stella Marchetta & Bernard Lambermont

  34. Hospices Civils de Lyon - Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France

    Laurent Argaud, Thomas Baudry, Pierre-Jean Bertrand & Auguste Dargent

  35. Centre Hospitalier du Mans, Le Mans, France

    Christophe Guitton, Nicolas Chudeau, Mickaël Landais & Cédric Darreau

  36. Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, Le Chesnay, France

    Alexis Ferre, Antoine Gros, Guillaume Lacave & Fabrice Bruneel

  37. Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France

    Mathilde Neuville, Jérôme Devaquet, Guillaume Tachon & Richard Gallot

  38. Hôpital Claude Galien, Quincy Sous Senart, France

    Riad Chelha, Arnaud Galbois, Anne Jallot & Ludivine Chalumeau Lemoine

  39. GHR Mulhouse Sud-Alsace, Mulhouse, France

    Khaldoun Kuteifan, Valentin Pointurier, Louise-Marie Jandeaux & Joy Mootien

  40. APHP – Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France

    Charles Damoisel & Benjamin Sztrymf

  41. APHP - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

    Matthieu Schmidt, Alain Combes, Juliette Chommeloux & Charles Edouard Luyt

  42. Hôpital Intercommunal de Créteil, Créteil, France

    Frédérique Schortgen, Leon Rusel & Camille Jung

  43. Hospices Civils de Lyon - Hôpital Neurologique, Lyon, France

    Florent Gobert

  44. APHP – Hôpital Necker, Paris, France

    Damien Vimpere & Lionel Lamhaut

  45. Centre Hospitalier Public du Cotentin - Hôpital Pasteur, Cherbourg-en-Cotentin, France

    Bertrand Sauneuf, Liliane Charrrier, Julien Calus & Isabelle Desmeules

  46. CHU Rennes - Hôpital du Pontchaillou, Rennes, France

    Benoît Painvin & Jean-Marc Tadie

  47. CHU Strasbourg - Hôpital Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France

    Vincent Castelain, Baptiste Michard, Jean-Etienne Herbrecht, Mathieu Baldacini, Vincent Castelain, Baptiste Michard, Jean-Etienne Herbrecht & Mathieu Baldacini

  48. Centre Hospitalier Territorial Gaston-Bourret, Nouméa, France

    Pierre-Henri Moury, Anne-Charlotte Savida, Emmanuel Couadau & Mathieu Série

  49. Centre Hospitalier Compiègne-Noyon, Compiègne, France

    Nica Alexandru

  50. Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Joseph, Paris, France

    Cédric Bruel, Candice Fontaine, Sonia Garrigou & Juliette Courtiade Mahler

  51. Centre Hospitalier Mémorial de Saint-Lô, Saint-Lô, France

    Maxime Leclerc & Michel Ramakers

  52. Grand Hôpital de l’Est Francilien, Jossigny, France

    Pierre Garçon, Nicole Massou, Ly Van Vong & Juliane Sen

  53. Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France

    Nolwenn Lucas, Franck Chemouni & Annabelle Stoclin

  54. Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Robert Ballanger, Aulnay-Sous-Bois, France

    Alexandre Avenel, Henri Faure, Angélie Gentilhomme & Sylvie Ricome

  55. Hospices Civiles de Lyon - Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France

    Paul Abraham, Céline Monard, Julien Textoris & Thomas Rimmele

  56. Centre Hospitalier d’Avignon, Avignon, France

    Florent Montini

  57. Groupe Hospitalier Diaconesses - Croix Saint Simon, Paris, France

    Gabriel Lejour, Thierry Lazard, Isabelle Etienney & Younes Kerroumi

  58. CHU Clermont-Ferrand - Hôpital Gabriel Montpied, Clermont Ferrand, France

    Claire Dupuis, Marine Bereiziat, Elisabeth Coupez & François Thouy

  59. Hôpital d’Instruction Des Armées Percy, Clamart, France

    Clément Hoffmann, Nicolas Donat, Anne Chrisment & Rose-Marie Blot

  60. CHU Nancy - Hôpital Brabois, Vandoeuvre-Les-Nancy, France

    Antoine Kimmoun, Audrey Jacquot, Matthieu Mattei & Bruno Levy

  61. Centre Hospitalier de Vichy, Vichy, France

    Ramin Ravan, Loïc Dopeux, Jean-Mathias Liteaudon & Delphine Roux

  62. Hopital Pierre Bérégovoy, Nevers, France

    Brice Rey, Radu Anghel, Deborah Schenesse & Vincent Gevrey

  63. Centre Hospitalier de Tarbes, Tarbes, France

    Jermy Castanera, Philippe Petua & Benjamin Madeux

  64. Hôpitaux Civils de Colmar – Hôpital Louis pasteur, Colmar, France

    Otto Hartman

  65. CHU Charleroi - Hôpital Marie Curie, Brussels, Belgium

    Michael Piagnerelli, Anne Joosten, Cinderella Noel & Patrick Biston

  66. Centre Hospitalier de Verdun Saint Mihiel, Saint Mihiel, France

    Thibaut Noel

  67. CH Eure-Seine - Hôpital d’Evreux-Vernon, Evreux, France

    Gurvan L. E. Bouar, Messabi Boukhanza, Elsa Demarest & Marie-France Bajolet

  68. Hôpital René Dubos, Pontoise, France

    Nathanaël Charrier, Audrey Quenet, Cécile Zylberfajn & Nicolas Dufour

  69. APHP - Hôpital Lariboisière, Paris, France

    Buno Mégarbane, Sébastian Voicu, Nicolas Deye, Isabelle Malissin, Charles de Roquetaillade, Benjamin G. Chousterman, Alexandre Mebazaa & Etienne Gayat

  70. Centre Hospitalier de Saint-Brieuc, Saint-Brieuc, France

    François Legay, Matthieu Debarre, Nicolas Barbarot & Pierre Fillatre

  71. Polyclinique Bordeaux Nord Aquitaine, Bordeaux, France

    Bertrand Delord, Thomas Laterrade, Tahar Saghi & Wilfried Pujol

  72. HIA Sainte Anne, Toulon, France

    Pierre Julien Cungi, Pierre Esnault & Mickael Cardinale

  73. Grand Hôpital de L’Est Francilien, Meaux, France

    Vivien Hong Tuan Ha, Grégory Fleury, Marie-Ange Brou & Daniel Zafimahazo

  74. HIA Robert Picqué, Villenave d’Ornon, France

    David Tran-Van, Patrick Avargues & Lisa Carenco

  75. Centre Hospitalier Fontainebleau, Fontainebleau, France

    Nicolas Robin, Alexandre Ouali & Lucie Houdou

  76. Hôpital Universitaire de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland

    Christophe Le Terrier, Noémie Suh, Steve Primmaz & Jérome Pugin

  77. APHP - Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France

    Emmanuel Weiss, Tobias Gauss, Jean-Denis Moyer & Catherine Paugam Burtz

  78. Groupe Hospitalier Bretage Sud, Lorient, France

    Béatrice La Combe, Rolland Smonig, Jade Violleau & Pauline Cailliez

  79. Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal Toulon, La Seyne Sur Mer, France

    Jonathan Chelly

  80. Centre Hospitalier de Dieppe, Dieppe, France

    Antoine Marchalot, Cécile Saladin & Christelle Bigot

  81. CHU de Martinique, Fort-de-France, France

    Pierre-Marie Fayolle, Jules Fatséas, Amr Ibrahim & Dabor Resiere

  82. Hôpital Fondation Adolphe de Rothchild, Paris, France

    Rabih Hage, Clémentine Cholet, Marie Cantier & Pierre Trouiler

  83. APHP - Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France

    Philippe Montravers, Brice Lortat-Jacob, Sebastien Tanaka & Alexy Tran Dinh

  84. APHP - Hôpital Universitaire Paris Sud, Bicêtre, France

    Jacques Duranteau, Anatole Harrois, Guillaume Dubreuil & Marie Werner

  85. APHP - Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France

    Anne Godier, Sophie Hamada, Diane Zlotnik, Hélène Nougue, Jean-Luc Diehl, Caroline Hauw-Berlemont, Nicolas Péron & Emmanuel Guérot

  86. APHP, GHU Henri Mondor, Créteil, France

    Armand Mekontso-Dessap, Guillaume Carteaux, Keyvan Razazi & Nicolas De Prost

  87. APHP - Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, Créteil, France

    Nicolas Mongardon, Meriam Lamraoui, Claire Alessandri & Quentin de Roux

  88. APHP - Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France

    Marc Garnier, Emmanuel Pardo, Lea Satre-Buisson & Christophe Gutton

  89. APHP Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France

    Elise Yvin, Clémence Marcault, Elie Azoulay & Michael Darmon

  90. APHP – Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France

    Hafid Ait Oufella, Geoffroy Hariri, Tomas Urbina & Sandie Mazerand

  91. APHP - Hôpital Raymond Pointcarré, Garches, France

    Nicholas Heming, Francesca Santi, Pierre Moine & Djillali Annane

  92. Centre Hospitalier Victor Dupouy, Argenteuil, France

    Gaétan Plantefeve, Damien Contou, Hervé Mentec & Olivier Pajot

  93. CHU Toulouse - Hôpital Rangueil, Toulouse, France

    Stanislas Faguer, Olivier Cointault, Laurence Lavayssiere & Marie-Béatrice Nogier

  94. Centre Hospitalier de Poissy, Poissy, France

    Matthieu Jamme, Claire Pichereau, Jan Hayon & Hervé Outin

  95. APHP - Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France

    François Dépret, Maxime Coutrot, Maité Chaussard & Lucie Guillemet

  96. Clinique du MontLégia, CHC Groupe-Santé, Liège, Belgium

    Pierre Goffin, Romain Thouny, Julien Guntz & Laurent Jadot

  97. CHU Saint-Denis, La Réunion, France

    Romain Persichini

  98. Centre Hospitalier de Tourcoing, Tourcoing, France

    Vanessa Jean-Michel, Hugues Georges & Thomas Caulier

  99. Centre Hospitalier Henri Mondor d’Aurillac, Aurillac, France

    Gaël Pradel, Marie-Hélène Hausermann, Thi My Hue Nguyen-Valat & Michel Boudinaud

  100. Centre Hospitalier Saint Joseph Saint Luc, Lyon, France

    Emmanuel Vivier, Sylvène Rosseli, Gaël Bourdin & Christian Pommier

  101. Centre Hospitalier de Polynésie Française, Polynésie, France

    Marc Vinclair, Simon Poignant & Sandrine Mons

  102. Ramsay Générale de Santé, Hôpital Privé Jacques Cartier, Massy, France

    Wulfran Bougouin

  103. Centre Hospitalier Alpes Léman, Contamine Sur Arve, France

    Franklin Bruna, Quentin Maestraggi & Christian Roth

  104. Hospices Civils de Lyon - Hôpital de La Croix Rousse, Lyon, France

    Laurent Bitker, François Dhelft, Justine Bonnet-Chateau, Mathilde Filippelli, Chloé Achino, Marie-Charlotte Delignette, Tessa Mazard & Frédéric Aubrun

  105. Centre Cardiologique du Nord, Saint-Denis, France

    Tristan Morichau-Beauchant, Stéphane Thierry, Charlotte Le Roy & Mélanie Saint Jouan

  106. GHU - Hôpital Saint-Anne, Paris, France

    Bruno Goncalves, Aurélien Mazeraud, Matthieu Daniel & Tarek Sharshar

  107. CHR Metz - Hôpital Mercy, Metz, France

    Cyril Cadoz, Rostane Gaci, Sébastien Gette & Guillaune Louis

  108. APHP - Hôpital Paul Brousse, Villejuif, France

    Sophe-Caroline Sacleux & Marie-Amélie Ordan

  109. CHRU Nancy - Hôpital Central, Nancy, France

    Aurélie Cravoisy, Marie Conrad, Guilhem Courte & Sébastien Gibot

  110. Centre Hospitalier d’Ajaccio, Ajaccio, France

    Younès Benzidi, Claudia Casella, Laurent Serpin & Jean-Lou Setti

  111. Centre Hospitalier de Bourges, Bourges, France

    Marie-Catherine Besse & Anna Bourreau

  112. Centre Hospitalier de La Côte Basque, Bayonne, France

    Jérôme Pillot, Caroline Rivera, Camille Vinclair & Marie-Aline Robaux

  113. CH Saint-Malo, Saint-Malo, France

    Bruno Bouchet, Aurélien Frérou, Laura Muller & Charlotte Quentin

  114. Centre Hospitalier de Mulhouse, Mulhouse, France

    Samuel Degoul

  115. Centre Hospitalier de Briançon, Briançon, France

    Xavier Stihle, Claude Sumian, Nicoletta Bergero & Bernard Lanaspre

  116. CHU Nice, Hôpital Pasteur 2, Nice, France

    Hervé Quintard & Eve Marie Maiziere

  117. Centre Hospitalier Des Pays de Morlaix, Morlaix, France

    Pierre-Yves Egreteau, Guillaume Leloup, Florin Berteau & Marjolaine Cottrel

  118. Centre Hospitalier Valence, Valence, France

    Marie Bouteloup, Matthieu Jeannot, Quentin Blanc & Julien Saison

  119. Centre Hospitalier Niort, Niort, France

    Isabelle Geneau, Romaric Grenot, Abdel Ouchike & Pascal Hazera

  120. Clinique du Val d’Or, Saint Cloud, France

    Grégoire Trebbia, Emmanuelle Schaack, Raphaël Lepecq & Mathieu Bobet

  121. Centre Hospitalier de Béthune, Béthune, France

    Christophe Vinsonneau, Thibault Dekeyser, Quentin Delforge & Imen Rahmani

  122. Groupe Hospitalier Intercommunal de La Haute-Saône, Vesoul, France

    Bérengère Vivet, Jonathan Paillot, Lucie Hierle, Claire Chaignat & Sarah Valette

  123. Clinique Saint-Martin, Caen, France

    Benoït Her & Jennifier Brunet

  124. Ramsay Générale de Santé, Clinique Convert, Bourg en Bresse, France

    Mathieu Page, Fabienne Boiste & Anthony Collin

  125. Hôpital Victor Jousselin, Dreux, France

    Florent Bavozet, Aude Garin, Mohamed Dlala & Kais Mhamdi

  126. Centre Hospitalier de Troye, Troye, France

    Bassem Beilouny, Alexandra Lavalard & Severine Perez

  127. CHU de ROUEN-Hôpital Charles Nicolle, Rouen, France

    Benoit Veber, Pierre-Gildas Guitard, Philippe Gouin & Anna Lamacz

  128. Centre Hospitalier Agen-Nérac, Agen, France

    Fabienne Plouvier, Bertrand P. Delaborde, Aïssa Kherchache & Amina Chaalal

  129. APHP - Hôpital Louis Mourier, Colombes, France

    Jean-Damien Ricard, Marc Amouretti, Santiago Freita-Ramos & Damien Roux

  130. APHP – Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France

    Jean-Michel Constantin, Mona Assefi, Marine Lecore & Agathe Selves

  131. Institut Mutualiste Montsouris, Paris, France

    Florian Prevost, Christian Lamer, Ruiying Shi & Lyes Knani

  132. CHU Besançon – Hôpital Jean Minjoz, Besançon, France

    Sébastien Pili Floury, Lucie Vettoretti, Hadrien Winiszewski, Gael Piton, Thibaud Soumagne & Gilles Capellier

  133. APHP - Hôpital Universitaire Robert-Debré, Paris, France

    Michael Levy, Lucile Marsac, Stéphane Dauger & Sophie Guilmin-Crépon

  134. Médipôle Lyon-Villeurbanne, Vileurbanne, France

    Jean-Baptiste Putegnat, Frédérique Bayle, Maya Perrou & Ghyslaine Thao

  135. APHP - Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt, France

    Guillaume Géri, Cyril Charron, Xavier Repessé & Antoine Vieillard-Baron

  136. CHU Amiens Picardie, Amiens, France

    Mathieu Guilbart, Pierre-Alexandre Roger, Sébastien Hinard & Pierre-Yves Macq

  137. Hôpital Nord-Ouest, Villefranche-Sur-Saône, France

    Kevin Chaulier & Sylvie Goutte

  138. CH de Châlons en Champagne, Châlons en Champagne, France

    Patrick Chillet, Anaïs Pitta, Barbara Darjent & Amandine Bruneau

  139. CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France

    Nicolas Terzi, Carole Schwebel, Anaïs Dartevel & Louis-Marie Galerneau

  140. Hôpital Privé d’Antony, Antony, France

    Abolfazl Mohebbi Amoli, Michel Benhamou, Jean-Pierre Deyme & Olivier Andremont

  141. Institut Arnault Tzanck, Saint Laurent du Var, France

    Diane Lena, Julien Cady, Arnaud Causeret & Arnaud De La Chapelle

  142. Centre Hospitalier d’ Angoulême, Angoulême, France

    Christophe Cracco, Stéphane Rouleau & David Schnell

  143. Centre Hospitalier de Cahors, Cahors, France

    Camille Foucault

  144. Centre Hospitalier de Carcassonne, Carcassonne, France

    Cécile Lory

  145. CHU Nice – Hôpital L’Archet 2, Nice, France

    Thibault Chapelle, Vincent Bruckert, Julie Garcia & Abdlazize Sahraoui

  146. Hôpital Privé du Vert Galant, Tremblay-en-France, France

    Nathalie Abbosh, Caroline Bornstain & Pierre Pernet

  147. Centre Hospitalier de Rambouillet, Rambouillet, France

    Florent Poirson, Ahmed Pasem & Philippe Karoubi

  148. Hopitaux du Léman, Thonon Les Bains, France

    Virginie Poupinel, Caroline Gauthier, François Bouniol & Philippe Feuchere

  149. Centre Hospitalier Victor Jousselin, Dreux, France

    Florent Bavozet & Anne Heron

  150. Hôpital Sainte Camille, Brie Sur Marne, France

    Serge Carreira, Malo Emery, Anne Sophie Le Floch & Luana Giovannangeli

  151. Hôpital d’instruction Des Armées Clermont-Tonnerre, Brest, France

    Nicolas Herzog, Christophe Giacardi, Thibaut Baudic & Chloé Thill

  152. APHP - Hôpital Avicenne, Bobigny, France

    Nicolas Bonnet, Nathan Ebstein, Stéphane Gaudry & Yves Cohen

  153. Groupement Hospitalier La Rochelle Ré Amis, La Rochelle, France

    Julie Noublanche & Olivier Lesieur

  154. Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Mont de Marsan Et du Pays Des Sources, Mont de Marsan, France

    Arnaud Sément, Isabel Roca-Cerezo, Michel Pascal & Nesrine Sma

  155. Centre Hospitalier Départemental de Vendée, La-Roche-Sur-Yon, France

    Gwenhaël Colin, Jean-Claude Lacherade, Gauthier Bionz & Natacha Maquigneau

  156. Pôle Anesthésie-Réanimation, CHU Grenoble, La Tronche, France

    Pierre Bouzat, Michel Durand, Marie-Christine Hérault & Jean-Francois Payen

Authors
  1. Mikhael Giabicani
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  2. Christophe Le Terrier
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  3. Antoine Poncet
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  4. Bertrand Guidet
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  5. Jean-Philippe Rigaud
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  6. Jean-Pierre Quenot
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  7. Marie-France Mamzer
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  8. Jérôme Pugin
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  9. Emmanuel Weiss
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  10. Simon Bourcier
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Consortia

COVID-ICU study investigators

  • Alain Mercat
  • , Pierre Asfar
  • , François Beloncle
  • , Julien Demiselle
  • , Tài Pham
  • , Arthur Pavot
  • , Xavier Monnet
  • , Christian Richard
  • , Alexandre Demoule
  • , Martin Dres
  • , Julien Mayaux
  • , Alexandra Beurton
  • , Cédric Daubin
  • , Richard Descamps
  • , Aurélie Joret
  • , Damien Du Cheyron
  • , Frédéric Pene
  • , Jean-Daniel Chiche
  • , Mathieu Jozwiak
  • , Paul Jaubert
  • , Guillaume Voiriot
  • , Muriel Fartoukh
  • , Marion Teulier
  • , Clarisse Blayau
  • , Erwen L’Her
  • , Cécile Aubron
  • , Laetitia Bodenes
  • , Nicolas Ferriere
  • , Johann Auchabie
  • , Anthony Le Meur
  • , Sylvain Pignal
  • , Thierry Mazzoni
  • , Jean-Pierre Quenot
  • , Pascal Andreu
  • , Jean-Baptiste Roudau
  • , Marie Labruyère
  • , Saad Nseir
  • , Sébastien Preau
  • , Julien Poissy
  • , Daniel Mathieu
  • , Sarah Benhamida
  • , Rémi Paulet
  • , Nicolas Roucaud
  • , Martial Thyrault
  • , Florence Daviet
  • , Sami Hraiech
  • , Gabriel Parzy
  • , Aude Sylvestre
  • , Sébastien Jochmans
  • , Anne-Laure Bouilland
  • , Mehran Monchi
  • , Marc Danguy des Déserts
  • , Quentin Mathais
  • , Gwendoline Rager
  • , Pierre Pasquier
  • , Jean Reignier
  • , Amélie Seguin
  • , Charlotte Garret
  • , Emmanuel Canet
  • , Jean Dellamonica
  • , Clément Saccheri
  • , Romain Lombardi
  • , Yanis Kouchit
  • , Sophie Jacquier
  • , Armelle Mathonnet
  • , Mai-Ahn Nay
  • , Isabelle Runge
  • , Frédéric Martino
  • , Laure Flurin
  • , Amélie Rolle
  • , Michel Carles
  • , Rémi Coudroy
  • , Arnaud W. Thille
  • , Jean-Pierre Frat
  • , Maeva Rodriguez
  • , Pascal Beuret
  • , Audrey Tientcheu
  • , Arthur Vincent
  • , Florian Michelin
  • , Fabienne Tamion
  • , Dorothée Carpentier
  • , Déborah Boyer
  • , Gaetan Beduneau
  • , Valérie Gissot
  • , Stéphan Ehrmann
  • , Charlotte Salmon Gandonniere
  • , Djlali Elaroussi
  • , Agathe Delbove
  • , Yannick Fedun
  • , Julien Huntzinger
  • , Eddy Lebas
  • , Grâce Kisoka
  • , Céline Grégoire
  • , Stella Marchetta
  • , Bernard Lambermont
  • , Laurent Argaud
  • , Thomas Baudry
  • , Pierre-Jean Bertrand
  • , Auguste Dargent
  • , Christophe Guitton
  • , Nicolas Chudeau
  • , Mickaël Landais
  • , Cédric Darreau
  • , Alexis Ferre
  • , Antoine Gros
  • , Guillaume Lacave
  • , Fabrice Bruneel
  • , Mathilde Neuville
  • , Jérôme Devaquet
  • , Guillaume Tachon
  • , Richard Gallot
  • , Riad Chelha
  • , Arnaud Galbois
  • , Anne Jallot
  • , Ludivine Chalumeau Lemoine
  • , Khaldoun Kuteifan
  • , Valentin Pointurier
  • , Louise-Marie Jandeaux
  • , Joy Mootien
  • , Charles Damoisel
  • , Benjamin Sztrymf
  • , Matthieu Schmidt
  • , Alain Combes
  • , Juliette Chommeloux
  • , Charles Edouard Luyt
  • , Frédérique Schortgen
  • , Leon Rusel
  • , Camille Jung
  • , Florent Gobert
  • , Damien Vimpere
  • , Lionel Lamhaut
  • , Bertrand Sauneuf
  • , Liliane Charrrier
  • , Julien Calus
  • , Isabelle Desmeules
  • , Benoît Painvin
  • , Jean-Marc Tadie
  • , Vincent Castelain
  • , Baptiste Michard
  • , Jean-Etienne Herbrecht
  • , Mathieu Baldacini
  • , Vincent Castelain
  • , Baptiste Michard
  • , Jean-Etienne Herbrecht
  • , Mathieu Baldacini
  • , Nicolas Weiss
  • , Sophie Demeret
  • , Clémence Marois
  • , Benjamin Rohaut
  • , Pierre-Henri Moury
  • , Anne-Charlotte Savida
  • , Emmanuel Couadau
  • , Mathieu Série
  • , Nica Alexandru
  • , Cédric Bruel
  • , Candice Fontaine
  • , Sonia Garrigou
  • , Juliette Courtiade Mahler
  • , Maxime Leclerc
  • , Michel Ramakers
  • , Pierre Garçon
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  • , Abdlazize Sahraoui
  • , Nathalie Abbosh
  • , Caroline Bornstain
  • , Pierre Pernet
  • , Florent Poirson
  • , Ahmed Pasem
  • , Philippe Karoubi
  • , Virginie Poupinel
  • , Caroline Gauthier
  • , François Bouniol
  • , Philippe Feuchere
  • , Florent Bavozet
  • , Anne Heron
  • , Serge Carreira
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  • , Christophe Giacardi
  • , Thibaut Baudic
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  • , Said Lebbah
  • , Jessica Palmyre
  • , Florence Tubach
  • , David Hajage
  • , Nicolas Bonnet
  • , Nathan Ebstein
  • , Stéphane Gaudry
  • , Yves Cohen
  • , Julie Noublanche
  • , Olivier Lesieur
  • , Arnaud Sément
  • , Isabel Roca-Cerezo
  • , Michel Pascal
  • , Nesrine Sma
  • , Gwenhaël Colin
  • , Jean-Claude Lacherade
  • , Gauthier Bionz
  • , Natacha Maquigneau
  • , Pierre Bouzat
  • , Michel Durand
  • , Marie-Christine Hérault
  •  & Jean-Francois Payen

Contributions

S.B., A.P., M.G., and C.L.T. had full access to all of the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. Concept and design: S.B., A.P., M.G. and C.L.T. Methodology: S.B., A.P., M.G. and C.L.T. Acquisition, analysis, or interpretation of data: S.B., A.P., M.G. and C.L.T. Drafting of the manuscript: S.B., A.P., M.G. and C.L.T. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: S.B., C.L.T., M.G., E.W., J.P., B.G., J.P.Q., J.P.R. and B.G. Statistical analysis: A.P. Supervision: S.B., J.P. and E.W. Obtained funding: J.P., C.L.T. and S.B. All authors had full access to all the data in the study, read and approved the final manuscript and had final responsibility for the decision to submit for publication. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Simon Bourcier.

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate

The ethics committees of the French Intensive Care Society (CE-SRLF 20-23), Belgium (2020-294), and Switzerland (BASEC #2020-00704) approved the study according to regulations for each participating country.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

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Supplementary Information

Additional file 1

. Data collection. Epidemiological data used for ICU load calculation. Definitions of withholding and withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies (LST). Statistical analysis: multivariable model and list of the variables included in the model. Table E1. Modalities of LST withholding and withdrawal in the study population. Table E2. Modalities of LST withholding according to a further (or not) LST withdrawal decision. Table E3. Centre characteristics at the patient level. Table E4. Adjunct measures during ICU stay according to LST limitation status. Table E5. Time to LST decision from ICU admission according to ICU load category. Figure E1. (A) Cumulative incidence plot of time from ICU admission to first LST limitation decision, and (B) Survival probability after LST withholding or withdrawing decisions within 14 days after ICU admission involving only patients with complete data (3051 patients). Figure E2. Distribution of ICU load at the patient level. Figure E3. ICU load (%) according to LST categories. Subgroup analysis by centre size, and in patients aged ≥75 years. Table E6. Expected prevalences estimated by the multivariate model according to the number of patients in the centre. Table E7. Prevalence of decisions of LST limitations in patients aged ≥ 75 years. Figure E4. Forest plot of prevalences of decisions of LST limitations in the 15 centres with ≥ 10 patients aged ≥75 years.

Additional file 2

. Participating Sites and COVID–ICU Investigators.

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Giabicani, M., Le Terrier, C., Poncet, A. et al. Limitation of life-sustaining therapies in critically ill patients with COVID-19: a descriptive epidemiological investigation from the COVID-ICU study. Crit Care 27, 103 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-023-04349-1

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Keywords

Critical Care

ISSN: 1364-8535