Table 1 Characteristics of the included study population according to LST withholding or withdrawing during ICU stay
Variable | Missing | All (n = 4671) | No limitation (n = 3996) | LST withholding (n = 378) | LST withdrawing (n = 297) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years), median (IQR) | – | 63 (54, 70) | 61 (53, 69) | 70 (63, 76) | 71 (63, 78) |
Female, n (%) | 33 | 1191 (26) | 1009 (25) | 108 (29) | 74 (25) |
Healthcare worker, n (%) | 83 | 160 (3) | 149 (4) | 7 (2) | 4 (1) |
Nursing home resident, n (%) | 47 | 74 (2) | 46 (1) | 16 (4) | 12 (4) |
Obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2), n (%) | 336 | 1681 (39) | 1457 (39) | 134 (39) | 90 (33) |
SAPS II score, median (IQR) | 403 | 37 (28, 50) | 35 (27, 48) | 44 (36, 56) | 47 (35, 59) |
SOFA score, median (IQR) | 679 | 5 (3, 8) | 4 (3, 8) | 7 (4, 10) | 7 (4, 10) |
Hypertension, n (%) | 2221 (48) | 1831 (46) | 224 (59) | 166 (56) | |
Diabetes, n (%) | 1271 (27) | 1034 (26) | 134 (35) | 103 (35) | |
Coronary artery disease, n (%) | 509 (11) | 381 (10) | 71 (19) | 57 (19) | |
Chronic heart failure, n (%) | 172 (4) | 111 (3) | 32 (8) | 29 (10) | |
Chronic respiratory disease, n (%) | 40 | 993 (21) | 804 (20) | 106 (28) | 83 (28) |
Immunodeficiency, n (%) | 38 | 337 (7) | 263 (7) | 38 (10) | 36 (12) |
Chronic renal failure, n (%) | 38 | ||||
Yes | 324 (7) | 247 (6) | 45 (12) | 32 (11) | |
Chronic dialysis | 112 (2) | 88 (2) | 15 (4) | 9 (3) | |
Hematological malignancy, n (%) | 129 (3) | 93 (2) | 17 (4) | 19 (6) | |
Clinical frailty scale score | 465 | 2 (2–3) | 2 (2–3) | 3 (2–4) | 3 (2–4) |
Date of ICU admission, n (%) | 167 | ||||
Before March 15, 2020 | n = 295 | 225 (76) | 39 (13) | 31 (11) | |
From March 16 to 31, 2020 | n = 2752 | 2343 (85) | 227 (8) | 182 (7) | |
From April 1 to 15, 2020 | n = 1214 | 1072 (88) | 75 (6) | 67 (6) | |
After April 16, 2020 | n = 243 | 208 (86) | 22 (9) | 13 (5) | |
Time between first symptoms and ICU admission | 404 | ||||
< 4 days | n = 421 | 327 (78) | 50 (12) | 44 (10) | |
4–7 days | n = 1379 | 1138 (83) | 134 (10) | 107 (8) | |
≥ 8 days | n = 2467 | 2200 (89) | 151 (6) | 116 (5) | |
During the first 24 h, n (%) | |||||
Standard oxygen therapy | 94 | 1367 (29) | 1202 (30) | 103 (27) | 62 (21) |
Noninvasive ventilation | 148 | 271 (6) | 217 (5) | 30 (8) | 24 (8) |
High-flow oxygen | 162 | 873 (19) | 767 (19) | 67 (18) | 39 (13) |
Invasive mechanical ventilation | 76 | 2866 (61) | 2377 (60) | 260 (69) | 229 (77) |
ARDS severity*, n (%) | 412 | ||||
Mild | 580 (24) | 488 (24) | 43 (19) | 49 (24) | |
Moderate | 1197 (49) | 1000 (49) | 109 (47) | 88 (44) | |
Severe | 677 (28) | 534 (26) | 80 (34) | 63 (32) | |
Static compliance, mL/cmH2O | 341 | 35 (29–43) | 35 (29–43) | 33.6 (28–42) | 33.3 (28–42) |