Group for Biomedical Research in Sepsis (BioSepsis), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca, (IBSAL), Paseo de San Vicente, 58-182, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
Jesús F. Bermejo-Martin, Raquel Almansa, Ana P. Tedim, Marta Martín-Fernández, Luis Tamayo, César Aldecoa, Jesús Rico-Feijoo, Cristina Doncel, Noelia Jorge, Alicia Ortega, Amanda de la Fuente, Silvia Martín, Jose Ángel Berezo & Rubén Herrán
Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Calle Dulzaina, 2, 47012, Valladolid, Spain
Jesús F. Bermejo-Martin, Raquel Almansa, Ana P. Tedim, Marta Martín-Fernández, Cristina Doncel, Noelia Jorge, Alicia Ortega & Amanda de la Fuente
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Av. de Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, 28029, Madrid, Spain
Jesús F. Bermejo-Martin, Raquel Almansa, Cristina Doncel, Noelia Jorge, Alicia Ortega, Amanda de la Fuente, Anna Motos, Laia Fernandez-Barat, Ricard Ferrer, Ferrán Barbé, Antoni Torres & Rosario Menéndez
Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Calle del Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
Milagros González-Rivera, Montserrat González-Estecha & Carolina Puertas
Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, 28040, Madrid, Spain
Milagros González-Rivera & Montserrat González-Estecha
Emergency Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Calle del Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
Dariela Micheloud, Iria Miguéns, Esther Gargallo & Ioana Muñoz
Microbiology Service, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Calle Dulzaina, 2, 47012, Valladolid, Spain
Marta Domínguez-Gil, Ruth Oneizat, Luz María Ruiz & José María Eiros
Viral Infection and Immunity Unit, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ctra. de Pozuelo, 28, 28222, Majadahonda, Spain
Salvador Resino
Hospital Universitario Infanta Leonor, Av. Gran Vía del Este, 80, 28031, Madrid, Spain
Pablo Ryan Murua & Natalia Blanca-López
Servicio de Microbiología Clínica, Hospital Universitario Príncipe de Asturias, Carr. de Alcalá, s/n, 28805, Madrid, Spain
Felipe Pérez-García
Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Calle Dulzaina, 2, 47012, Valladolid, Spain
Luis Tamayo, Jose Ángel Berezo, Rubén Herrán, Pedro Enríquez & Jesús Blanco
Emergency Department, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Calle Dulzaina, 2, 47012, Valladolid, Spain
Raúl Lopez-Izquierdo
Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Av. Ramón y Cajal, 47003, Valladolid, Spain
Elena Bustamante, Gloria Renedo, Ramón Cicuendez & Nuria Mamolar
Department of Anesthesiology, Facultad de Medicina de Valladolid, Av. Ramón y Cajal, 47005, Valladolid, Spain
César Aldecoa
Anesthesiology and Reanimation Service, Hospital Universitario Rio Hortega, Calle Dulzaina, 2, 47012, Valladolid, Spain
César Aldecoa, Jesús Rico-Feijoo, Sara Pelegrin & Silvia Martín
Intensive Care Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Calle del Dr. Esquerdo, 46, 28007, Madrid, Spain
José Manuel Gómez, Pablo García Olivares & Jamil Antonio Cedeño
Microbiology Service, Hospital Clinico Universitario de Valladolid, Av. Ramón y Cajal, 47003, Valladolid, Spain
Antonio Orduña
Pulmonology Service, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico de La Fe, Avinguda de Fernando Abril Martorell, 106, 46026, Valencia, Spain
Raúl Méndez, Paula González-Jiménez & Rosario Menéndez
Clinical Microbiology Department, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, Calle Altos de Nava, s/n, 24001, León, Spain
Isabel Fernández Natal & Belén Fernández Caso
Microbiology Service, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Av. Islas Baleares, 3, 09006, Burgos, Spain
Gregoria Megías & María Ángeles Mantecón
Intensive Care Unit, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de León, Calle Altos de nava, s/n, 24001, León, Spain
Demetrio Carriedo & Luis Jorge Valdivia
Pneumology Service, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega/Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid, Calle Dulzaina, 2, 47012, Valladolid, Spain
Félix del Campo & Tomás Ruiz Albi
Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario de Burgos, Av. Islas Baleares, 3, 09006, Burgos, Spain
José Antonio Fernández-Ratero
Clinical Analysis Service. Hospital, Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Av. Ramón y Cajal, 47003, Valladolid, Spain
Wysali Trapiello & Guadalupe Ruiz
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Canadian Center for Vaccinology CCfV, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4R2, Canada
Alyson A. Kelvin, Ali Toloue Ostadgavahi & David J. Kelvin
Laboratory of Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, 22 Xinling Rd., Jinping, Shantou, Guangdong, China
Alyson A. Kelvin, Ali Toloue Ostadgavahi & David J. Kelvin
Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Av. Ramón y Cajal, 47003, Valladolid, Spain
Juan Bustamante-Munguira
Infectious Diseases Clinic, Internal Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario Río Hortega, Calle Dulzaina, 2, 47012, Valladolid, Spain
Jesica Abadia & Julia Gómez Barquero
Department of Pulmonology, Hospital Clinic de Barcelona, Institut D Investigacions August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universidad de Barcelona, Carrer del Rosselló, 149, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
Anna Motos, Laia Fernandez-Barat & Antoni Torres
Intensive Care Department, Vall d’Hebron Hospital Universitari, SODIR Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Institut de Recerca, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron, 119, 08035, Barcelona, Spain
Ricard Ferrer
Respiratory Department, Institut Ricerca Biomedica de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 80, 25198, Lleida, Spain
Ferrán Barbé
JFBM, DJK, JB, RF, FB, AT and RM designed the study. JFBM and DJK wrote the manuscript and interpreted the data. RA coordinated the clinical study and drafted the figures. MGR, DM, PR, FPG, LT, RLI, EB, CA, JMG, JR, RM, MIF, GM, MGE, DC, FDC, JFR, WT, PGJ, GR, IM, EG,IM, SP, SM, PGO, JAC, TRA, CP, JAB, GR, RH, JB, PE, RC, JA, JGB, NM, NBL, LJV, BFC and MAM recruited the patients and /or collected the clinical data. MDG, AO, RO, LMR and JME performed the assays for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgG and viremia. APT, CD and AO developed the ddPCR works; CD and NJ profiled the immunological mediators. SR, AMF and MMF developed the statistical analysis and drafted the figures. AAK, ATO, AM and LF performed the literature search. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.