Skip to main content

A 10-second fluid challenge guided by transthoracic echocardiography can predict fluid responsiveness

Abstract

Introduction

The accurate assessment of intravascular volume status for the therapy of severe hypovolemia and shock is difficult and critical to critically ill patients. Non-invasive evaluation of fluid responsiveness by the rapid infusion of a very limited amount of volume is an important clinical goal. This study aimed to test whether echocardiographic parameters could predict fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients following a low-volume (50-ml crystalloid solution) infusion over 10 seconds.

Methods

We prospectively studied 55 mechanically ventilated patients. Echocardiography was performed during a 50-ml infusion of crystalloid solution over 10 seconds and a further 450 ml over 15 minutes. Cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), aortic velocity time index (VTI), and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were recorded. Patients were classified as responders (Rs) if CO increased by at least 15% following the 500-ml volume expansion or were classified as non-responders (NRs) if CO increased by less than 15%. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC) compared CO variations after 50 ml over 10 seconds (∆CO50) and 500 ml over 15 minutes (∆CO500) and the variation of VTI after infusion of 50 ml of fluid over 10 seconds (∆VTI50).

Results

In total, 50 patients were enrolled, and 27 (54%) of them were Rs. General characteristics, LVEF, heart rate, and central venous pressure were similar between Rs and NRs. In the Rs group, the AUC for ∆CO50 was 0.95 ± 0.03 (P <0.01; best cutoff value, 6%; sensitivity, 93%; specificity, 91%). Moreover, ∆CO50 and ∆CO500 were strongly correlated (r = 0.87; P <0.01). The AUC for ∆VTI50 was 0.91 ± 0.04 (P <0.01; best cutoff value, 9%; sensitivity, 74%; specificity, 95%). ∆VTI50 and ∆CO500 were positively correlated (r = 0.72; P <0.01).

Conclusion

In critically ill patients, the variation of CO and VTI after the administration of 50-ml crystalloid solution over 10 seconds (∆CO50 and ∆VTI50) can accurately predict fluid responsiveness.

Trial registration

Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN10524328. Registered 12 December 2013.

Introduction

Assessment of intravascular volume status is difficult in critically ill patients. Evidence suggests that only 50% of hemodynamically unstable patients respond to a fluid challenge [1, 2]. Moreover, if cardiopulmonary function cannot compensate for the increase in preload, fluid loading may compromise microvascular perfusion and oxygen delivery and cause or aggravate peripheral and pulmonary edema [3, 4]. Therefore, inappropriate fluid expansion can increase morbidity and mortality [5–7], making it important to accurately assess fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients [8, 9].

Research has suggested that volume responsiveness can be defined as a 15% increase in stroke volume (SV) or cardiac output (CO) after a 500-ml infusion [10–12]. Over the last decade, multiple studies have demonstrated that static parameters have limited the predictive value for fluid responsiveness. These include pulmonary artery occlusion pressure, right ventricular end-diastolic volume, left ventricular end-diastolic volume, central venous pressure (CVP), and inferior vena cava (IVC) diameter [2, 13–15]. Furthermore, dynamic parameters have been extensively studied, leading to greater clinical use, including respiratory changes in aortic blood velocity, superior vena cava collapsibility, IVC collapsibility, and changes in SV and CO due to passive leg raising (PLR) [14, 16–19]. In addition, many studies have demonstrated that echocardiography [2, 16, 18, 20] offers a non-invasive, dynamic, and qualitative assessment of volume responsiveness in patients with hemodynamic failure, such as changes in the velocity time integral.

The novel, mini-fluid challenge technique proposed by Muller et al.[21] demonstrated that a fluid challenge response can be evaluated by using small fluid volumes (100 ml of hydroxyethyl starch) over 1 minute. We hypothesized that a small fluid preload and faster infusion rate can also predict responsiveness. This study aimed to determine whether echocardiographic parameters following a 50-ml infusion of crystalloid solution over 10 seconds can predict fluid responsiveness in critical ill patients with hypovolemic or septic shock.

Methods

Patients

Mechanically ventilated adults admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with hypovolemic shock, severe sepsis, or septic shock were included from March to October 2013. All patients or their families signed consent forms to participate in this study. The medical ethics committee of Anhui Provincial Hospital approved the protocol.

Patients were required to have at least one sign of inadequate tissue perfusion [22]: acute circulatory failure defined as a systolic arterial pressure of 90 mm Hg (or a decrease of 40 mm Hg in a patient with hypertension), urine output of below 0.5 ml/kg per hour for over 1 hour, tachycardia (heart rate (HR) of greater than 100 beats per minute), and mottled skin. Clinical diseases were associated with systemic inflammatory response syndrome, septic shock, and controlled massive hemorrhage. The attending physician clinically determined the need for volume expansion (VE). If patients were treated with norepinephrine, the dose remained unchanged from before VE until all hemodynamic measurements were complete. Exclusion criteria were the following: age of less than 18 years, moribund, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary edema, increased intracranial pressure, pregnancy, active bleeding, atrial fibrillation, cardiac arrhythmias, and myocardial ischemia or infarction within 1 month before the study.

Measurements

Echocardiographic parameters were measured by using a bedside Philips IU22 xMATRIX ultrasound system (Royal Philips Electronics, Amsterdam, The Netherlands) with a 3- to 5-MHz phased-array probe. M-mode (time-motion) echocardiography was employed at the level of the aortic annulus in a two-dimensional view from the parasternal long-axis window (Figure 1). We measured the aortic diameter (D), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter, left ventricular end-systolic diameter, and HR. Using the in-built software, we determined the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LEDV) and left ventricular end-systolic volume (LESV). In addition, HR, blood pressure, CVP, and other hemodynamic parameters were recorded throughout the study. The following equations were used to calculate additional parameters: SV = [LEDV – LESV]; left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF, %) = [(SV ÷ LEDV) × 100]; and CO = [SV × HR]. Aortic blood flow and velocity time integral (VTI) were obtained from an apical five-chamber view.

Figure 1
figure 1

Photo of an echocardiographic Doppler flow velocity measurement from the level of the aortic annulus from the parasternal long-axis window.

Fluid responsiveness

A 50-ml bolus of crystalloid solution was given to the patient over 10 seconds through an intrathoracic central venous catheter. VTI was recorded during and immediately after bolus administration. The remaining 450 ml of crystalloid solution was infused at a constant rate over 15 minutes, and the VTI was measured again. The mean echocardiographic measurements over three consecutive respiratory cycles were recorded, and parameters were analyzed by using frozen images from M-mode recordings. Changes in parameters (HR, CVP, VTI, SV, and CO) were measured after the 50-ml infusion over 15 seconds and after the full 500 ml over 15 minutes; these were referred to as ∆[parameter]50 and ∆[parameter]500, respectively. Patients with an increase in CO after a 500-ml infusion over 15 minutes (∆CO500) of 15% or more were classified as responders (Rs), and those without an increase were classified as non-responders (NRs) [23]. An experienced ultrasound physician performed all echocardiographic collection, but all measurements were conducted by another physician, who was blinded to the clinical diagnosis.

Statistical analysis

The SPSS 16.0 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for statistical analyses. Normality was tested by using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and comparisons of hemodynamic parameters between Rs and NRs were assessed by using the Mann–Whitney U test. The Friedman test and Wilcoxon rank-sum test were used to detect changes over time (baseline, after 50 ml, and after 500 ml) within the same group. Linear correlations were tested by using the Spearman rank correlation and Pearson tests for non-normal and normal distributions, respectively. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were constructed to evaluate the ability of each parameter to predict fluid responsiveness after VE by varying the discriminating threshold of each measurement. The area under each ROC curve (AUC) was calculated and expressed as AUC ± standard deviation (SD). Cutoff values were chosen with the highest Youden index, calculated as [1 - (1 - sensitivity) - (1 - specificity)]. Probability (P) values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Data are presented as mean ± SD if normally distributed or as median (interquartile range) if not normally distributed.

Results

In total, 55 patients were included; 5 patients were excluded because adequate images could not be obtained. Table 1 summarizes the characteristics of the 50 patients with a comparison between Rs (n = 27) and NRs (n = 23). Diagnoses were severe sepsis or septic shock (n = 36), severe trauma (n = 10), gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 3), and dehydration (n = 1). At baseline, general characteristics, HR (P = 0.32), LVEF (P = 0.33), and CVP (P = 0.40) were similar between the two groups. Significant differences in the following were predictive of fluid responsiveness: systolic blood pressure (SBP), VTI, SV, and CO. The last three parameters were clearly lower among Rs than NRs at baseline.

Table 1 Patient characteristics stratified by fluid responders and non-responders at baseline

Table 2 shows that the hemodynamic parameters are significantly different between the Rs and NRs groups after 50 and 500 ml VE (including HR, SBP, VTI, SV, and CO). The Wilcoxon rank-sum test for hemodynamic parameters at baseline, post-50 ml, and post-500 ml VE was statistically significant, excluding HR between the baseline and after 50 ml VE in Rs (P = 0.41) and NRs (P = 0.18).

Table 2 Hemodynamic variables were measured at baseline, during volume expansion

Figure 2 shows that individual changes in CO and VTI produced by VE at baseline, 10 seconds, and 15 minutes in the two groups. Correlations were tested by using the Spearman rank correlation (Figure 3). In all patients, ∆VTI50 was positively and significantly correlated with ∆VTI500 (r = 0.83; P <0.01) (Figure 3A). Similarly, ∆SV50 strongly and significantly correlated with ∆SV500, as did ∆CO50 and ∆CO500 (r = 0.90; P <0.01) (Figure 3B). Moreover, ∆VTI50 and ∆CO500 were positively correlated (r = 0.72; P <0.01). The Bland-Altman plot presenting differences between ∆CO50 and ∆CO500 is given in Figure 4A. The bias was 12%. The 95% limits of agreement (LOAs) were (-11%, 36%). Figure 4B shows the Bland-Altman plots of the difference in ∆VTI50 versus ∆VTI500. The bias was 15%. The 95% LOAs were (-8%, 38%).

Figure 2
figure 2

Individual values for cardiac output (CO) (A) and aortic velocity time index (VTI) (B) at baseline, 10 seconds, and 15 minutes in responders and non-responders.

Figure 3
figure 3

(A) Correlation between ∆VTI50 (%) and ∆VTI500 (%). (B) Correlation between ∆CO50 (%) and ∆CO500 (%). ∆CO50, variation of cardiac output after infusion of 50 ml of fluid over 10 seconds; ∆CO500, variation of cardiac output after infusion of 500 ml fluid over 15 minutes; ∆VTI50, variation of velocity time index after infusion of 50 ml of fluid over 10 seconds; ∆VTI500, variation of velocity time index after infusion of 500 ml of fluid over 15 minutes.

Figure 4
figure 4

Bland and Altman diagram between variation of cardiac output (A) and variation of velocity time index (B) after 50- or 500-ml volume expansion. ∆CO50, variation of cardiac output after infusion of 50 ml of fluid over 10 seconds. ∆CO500, variation of cardiac output after infusion of 500 ml of fluid over 15 minutes; ∆VTI50, variation of velocity time index after infusion of 50 ml of fluid over 10 seconds. ∆VTI500, variation of velocity time index after infusion of 500 ml of fluid over 15 minutes; CO, cardiac output; VTI, aortic velocity time index.

As shown in Figure 5, the AUCs for ∆VTI50, ∆SV50, and ∆CO50 suggest that all accurately predicted fluid responsiveness after infusion of 50-ml VE over 10 seconds. The AUCs for ∆VTI50, ∆SV50, and ∆CO50 were 0.91 ± 0.04 (P <0.01), 0.96 ± 0.03 (P <0.01), and 0.95 ± 0.03 (P <0.01), respectively. The AUCs for VTI, SV, and CO at baseline had lower accuracy for predicting fluid responsiveness compared with ∆VTI50 and ∆CO50.

Figure 5
figure 5

Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves for ∆VTI50 (%), ∆SV50 (%), and ∆CO50 (%) after infusion of 50 ml of fluid over 10 seconds, and ROC curves of VTI (cm), SV (ml), and CO (l/min) measured at baseline. ∆CO50, variation of cardiac output after infusion of 50 ml of fluid over 10 seconds; ∆SV50, variation of stroke volume after infusion of 50 ml of fluid over 10 seconds; ∆VTI50, variation of velocity time index after infusion of 50 ml of fluid over 10 seconds; CO, cardiac output; SV, stroke volume; VTI, aortic velocity time index. Diagonal segments are produced by ties.

Table 3 and Figure 6 showed that, for ∆VTI50 after infusion of 50-ml VE over 10 seconds, the optimum cutoff value was 9% (sensitivity, 74%; specificity, 95%). The best AUC cutoff values when predicting fluid responsiveness were 10% for ∆SV50 (sensitivity, 90%; specificity, 100%) and 6% for ∆CO50 (sensitivity, 93%; specificity, 91%), respectively. After 500-ml VE, the best cutoff value was 19% for ∆VTI500 (sensitivity, 89%; specificity, 100%).

Table 3 Accuracy of echocardiographic parameters for predicting fluid responsiveness
Figure 6
figure 6

Individual values of ∆VTI50 (%) (A), ∆SV50 (%) (B), and ∆CO50 (%) (C) after infusion of 50 ml of fluid over 10 seconds changed in patients with volume expansion-induced changes in stroke volume (SV) of at least 15% (responders) and less than 15% (non-responders). ∆CO50, variation of cardiac output after infusion of 50 ml of fluid over 10 seconds; ∆SV50, variation of stroke volume after infusion of 50 ml of fluid over 10 seconds; ∆VTI50, variation of velocity time index after infusion of 50 ml of fluid over 10 seconds; CO, cardiac output; VTI, aortic velocity time index.

Discussion

Fluid resuscitation is the cornerstone of hypovolemic shock, severe sepsis, or septic shock patient management. However, when patients are on the relatively flat part of the Frank-Starling curve, preload VE can be deleterious. Consequently, monitoring volume responsiveness has become increasingly important in the ICU.

Pleural pressure, intra-abdominal pressures, mechanical ventilation, capillary permeability, and other factors can influence CVP to predict fluid responsiveness. Previous studies [13, 14, 24, 25] have demonstrated that baseline CVP has a poor ability of predicting fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients. Our study also demonstrated that the initial CVP was not different between the two groups and the AUC for initial CVP was low. Moreover, consistent with earlier research [25], the present study found that baseline HR was inadequate for predicting fluid responsiveness. Interestingly, there was no statistically significant for HR between baseline and after 50-ml VE in Rs (P = 0.41) and NRs (P = 0.18). This means that crystalloid distributed rapidly through the extracellular compartment, which did not affect sympathetic stimulation or cardiac reflexes. Our study suggested that there was a significant difference in SBP between Rs and NRs. However, the literature suggests that SBP does not reliably predict a patient’s response to fluid administration, which was affected by drugs, stress, pain, fever, anemia, intrinsic heart disease, and many other factors [26].

Recently, dynamic echocardiographic parameters ∆SV, ∆CO, and ∆VTI induced by VE or PLR have gained increased attention; moreover, VE and PLR can reliably predict fluid responsiveness regardless of the ventilation mode or underlying cardiac rhythm in the majority of ICU patients [18, 27–30]. However, PLR is susceptible to the effects of increased intra-abdominal pressure and cannot be used in patients with fracture or following surgery [31, 32]. Because of such limitations, a more secure and convenient method of predicting fluid response is required to reduce unnecessary medical intervention. In echocardiography, SV was also determined as VTI × [π (D2) ÷ 4]. With D being constant in a given patient, VTI and SV changes are expected to be equal. Over the past decade, a number of reports have correlated ∆VTI with fluid responsiveness [18, 29, 33–35]. In our study, the ∆VTI500 (AUC, 0.95 ± 0.03) had a high accuracy for predicting fluid responsiveness.

As demonstrated by the Frank-Starling curve, the beginning of the fluid challenge induces a more significant increase in stroke volume on the steep portion of the curve because of a preload reserve in the left ventricular function. Muller et al.[21] proposed the mini-fluid challenge technique and demonstrated that a fluid challenge response can be evaluated by using small fluid volumes. Inspired by this, we hypothesized that a 50-ml infusion of crystalloid over 10 seconds could predict fluid responsiveness. Although this fluid regime was arbitrarily chosen, it was based on the peak increase in intravascular volume with lactated crystalloid solution occurring immediately after completion of the rapid fluid infusion [36, 37] and the low clinical risk of crystalloid solution [22, 38].

In the present study, the relatively high correlation coefficient between ∆VTI50 and ∆VTI500 was r = 0.83 (P <0.01) and the correlation between ∆CO50 and ∆CO500 was r = 0.90 (P <0.01), respectively. Moreover, Bland-Altman-like analysis of the same data indicated that there was a good concordance for two measurements. This was associated with a trend that a higher VE can lead to a higher change of CO.

The ROC analysis of echocardiographic parameters revealed that a response to 50-ml crystalloid bolus over 10 seconds enables accurate prediction of fluid responsiveness, particularly ∆VTI50 and ∆CO50. The AUCs for these echocardiographic parameters were above 0.90. The best AUC cutoff for ∆CO50 when predicting fluid responsiveness was 6% (sensitivity, 93%; specificity, 91%), suggesting that a mini-fluid challenge of 50-ml crystalloid bolus over 10 seconds enables accurate bedside prediction of a 15% increase in ∆CO500 in 27 adults. In Figure 5, we also proved that these dynamic echocardiographic indices after 50-ml VE had greater predictive value for fluid responsiveness than static echocardiographic indices (i.e., those measured at baseline). Above all, our data support the hypothesis that the response to a mini-fluid challenge can predict responsiveness to a larger challenge. This means that a low fluid volume can be used to predict responsiveness and decrease the deleterious effect of an unnecessary fluid infusion in NRs. In our study, ∆CO50 had higher statistical accuracy than ∆VTI50. However, echocardiography measured VTI only with pulsed Doppler from the apical five-chamber view, which means that VTI was quicker and easier to perform than CO. Multiple studies have considered that ∆VTI can accurately and sensitively predict fluid responsiveness [18, 29, 33, 35, 39].

This present study has several limitations. First, the patient sample was small and may limit the external validity. Second, because our study excluded patients with cardiac arrhythmias, we do not know its applicability in this setting. Third, transthoracic echocardiography has many specific limitations: It is technically demanding, and many ICUs may lack suitably skilled operators. The sharpness of ultrasound images will be affected by obesity, chest deformity, high abdominal pressure, patient positioning, and other factors. Fourth, we did not assess the impact of measuring time. This assessment deserves further studies.

Conclusions

In contrast to the study by Muller et al. [21], the present research had shown that even small fluid challenges over shorter periods can be sufficient in predicting fluid responsiveness among critically ill patients. In conclusion, we believe our study provides new insights into effective prediction of fluid responsiveness by ∆CO50 and ∆VTI50 after 50-ml crystal solution over 10 seconds.

Key messages

  •  Echocardiography offers a convenient, non-invasive, dynamic, and qualitative assessment of volume responsiveness in the ICU.

  •  By using a smaller fluid volume and faster infusion rate than ever before, the study wanted to find a relatively accurate and sensitive fluid challenge technique with more decrease morbidity and mortality.

  •  The variation of CO and VTI measured by transthoracic echocardiography after the administration of 50-ml crystalloid solution over 10 seconds is able to reliably predict fluid responsiveness among critically ill patients.

  •  Despite a lower sensitivity and several limitations, the mini-fluid challenge technique may provide a new research perspective for effective and rapid prediction of fluid responsiveness in the future.

Authors’ information

YW, SZ and BL work at the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Provincial Hospital of Anhui Medical University. ZZ works at the Department of Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Neurology Institute, Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Abbreviations

∆:

Delta

∆CO50:

variation of cardiac output after infusion of 50 ml of fluid over 10 seconds

∆CO500:

variation of cardiac output after infusion of 500 ml of fluid over 15 minutes

∆SV50:

variation of stroke volume after infusion of 50 ml of fluid over 10 seconds

∆SV500:

variation of stroke volume after infusion of 500 ml of fluid over 15 minutes

∆VTI50:

variation of velocity time index after infusion of 50 ml of fluid over 10 seconds

∆VTI500:

variation of velocity time index after infusion of 500 ml of fluid over 15 minutes

AUC:

area under the receiver operating characteristic curves

CO:

cardiac output

CVP:

central venous pressure

D:

aortic diameter

HR:

heart rate

ICU:

intensive care unit

IVC:

inferior vena cava

LEDV:

left ventricular end-diastolic volume

LESV:

left ventricular end-systolic volume

LOA:

limit of agreement

LVEF:

left ventricular ejection fraction

NR:

non-responder

PLR:

passive leg raising

R:

responder

ROC:

receiver operating characteristic

SBP:

systolic blood pressure

SD:

standard deviation

SV:

stroke volume

VE:

volume expansion

VTI:

aortic velocity time index.

References

  1. Marik PE, Cavallazzi R, Vasu T, Hirani A: Dynamic changes in arterial waveform derived variables and fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Care Med 2009, 37: 2642-2647. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a590da

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Levitov A, Marik PE: Echocardiographic assessment of preload responsiveness in critically ill patients. Cardiol Res Pract 2012, 2012: 819696.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Cordemans C, De Laet I, Van Regenmortel N, Schoonheydt K, Dits H, Huber W, Malbrain ML: Fluid management in critically ill patients: the role of extravascular lung water, abdominal hypertension, capillary leak, and fluid balance. Ann Intensive Care 2012, 2: S1. 10.1186/2110-5820-2-S1-S1

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Rivers EP, Jaehne AK, Eichhorn-Wharry L, Brown S, Amponsah D: Fluid therapy in septic shock. Curr Opin Crit Care 2010, 16: 297-308. 10.1097/MCC.0b013e32833be8b3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Boyd JH, Forbes J, Nakada TA, Walley KR, Russell JA: Fluid resuscitation in septic shock: a positive fluid balance and elevated central venous pressure are associated with increased mortality. Crit Care Med 2011, 39: 259-265. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181feeb15

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Wiesenack C, Fiegl C, Keyser A, Prasser C, Keyl C: Assessment of fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated cardiac surgical patients. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2005, 22: 658-665. 10.1017/S0265021505001092

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Machare-Delgado E, Decaro M, Marik PE: Inferior vena cava variation compared to pulse contour analysis as predictors of fluid responsiveness: a prospective cohort study. J Intensive Care Med 2011, 26: 116-124. 10.1177/0885066610384192

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Smith SH, Perner A: Higher vs. lower fluid volume for septic shock: clinical characteristics and outcome in unselected patients in a prospective, multicenter cohort. Crit Care 2012, 16: R76. 10.1186/cc11333

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. Bayer O, Reinhart K, Kohl M, Kabisch B, Marshall J, Sakr Y, Bauer M, Hartog C, Schwarzkopf D, Riedemann N: Effects of fluid resuscitation with synthetic colloids or crystalloids alone on shock reversal, fluid balance, and patient outcomes in patients with severe sepsis: a prospective sequential analysis. Crit Care Med 2012, 40: 2543-2551. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e318258fee7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Critchley LA, Lee A, Ho AM: A critical review of the ability of continuous cardiac output monitors to measure trends in cardiac output. Anesth Analg 2010, 111: 1180-1192. 10.1213/ANE.0b013e3181f08a5b

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Thiel SW, Kollef MH, Isakow W: Non-invasive stroke volume measurement and passive leg raising predict volume responsiveness in medical ICU patients: an observational cohort study. Crit Care 2009, 13: R111. 10.1186/cc7955

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Guinot PG, Zogheib E, Detave M, Moubarak M, Hubert V, Badoux L, Bernard E, Besserve P, Caus T, Dupont H: Passive leg raising can predict fluid responsiveness in patients placed on venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Crit Care 2011, 15: R216. 10.1186/cc10451

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Marik PE, Cavallazzi R: Does the central venous pressure predict fluid responsiveness? An updated meta-analysis and a plea for some common sense. Crit Care Med 2013, 41: 1774-1781. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31828a25fd

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Cavallaro F, Sandroni C, Antonelli M: Functional hemodynamic monitoring and dynamic indices of fluid responsiveness. Minerva Anestesiol 2008, 74: 123-135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Shujaat A, Bajwa AA: Optimization of preload in severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Res Pract 2012, 2012: 761051.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Mandeville JC, Colebourn CL: Can transthoracic echocardiography be used to predict fluid responsiveness in the critically ill patient? A systematic review. Crit Care Res Pract 2012, 2012: 513480.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Prekker ME, Scott NL, Hart D, Sprenkle MD, Leatherman JW: Point-of-care ultrasound to estimate central venous pressure: a comparison of three techniques. Crit Care Med 2013, 41: 833-841. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827466b7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Brun C, Zieleskiewicz L, Textoris J, Muller L, Bellefleur JP, Antonini F, Tourret M, Ortega D, Vellin A, Lefrant JY, Boubli L, Bretelle F, Martin C, Leone M: Prediction of fluid responsiveness in severe preeclamptic patients with oliguria. Intens Care Med 2013, 39: 593-600. 10.1007/s00134-012-2770-2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Choi DY, Kwak HJ, Park HY, Kim YB, Choi CH, Lee JY: Respiratory variation in aortic blood flow velocity as a predictor of fluid responsiveness in children after repair of ventricular septal defect. Pediatr Cardiol 2010, 31: 1166-1170. 10.1007/s00246-010-9776-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Dinh VA, Ko HS, Rao R, Bansal RC, Smith DD, Kim TE, Nguyen HB: Measuring cardiac index with a focused cardiac ultrasound examination in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2012, 30: 1845-1851. 10.1016/j.ajem.2012.03.025

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Muller L, Toumi M, Bousquet PJ, Riu-Poulenc B, Louart G, Candela D, Zoric L, Suehs C, de La Coussaye JE, Molinari N, Lefrant JY: An increase in aortic blood flow after an infusion of 100 ml colloid over 1 minute can predict fluid responsiveness: the mini-fluid challenge study. Anesthesiology 2011, 115: 541-547. 10.1097/ALN.0b013e318229a500

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Dellinger RP, Levy MM, Rhodes A, Annane D, Gerlach H, Opal SM, Sevransky JE, Sprung CL, Douglas IS, Jaeschke R, Osborn TM, Nunnally ME, Townsend SR, Reinhart K, Kleinpell RM, Angus DC, Deutschman CS, Machado FR, Rubenfeld GD, Webb SA, Beale RJ, Vincent JL, Moreno R, Surviving Sepsis Campaign Guidelines Committee including the Pediatric S: Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Crit Care Med 2013, 41: 580-637. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e31827e83af

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Monnet X, Teboul JL: Volume responsiveness. Curr Opin Crit Care 2007, 13: 549-553. 10.1097/MCC.0b013e3282ec68b2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Cecconi M, Parsons AK, Rhodes A: What is a fluid challenge? Curr Opin Crit Care 2011, 17: 290-295. 10.1097/MCC.0b013e32834699cd

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Cecconi M, Monti G, Hamilton MA, Puntis M, Dawson D, Tuccillo ML, Della Rocca G, Grounds RM, Rhodes A: Efficacy of functional hemodynamic parameters in predicting fluid responsiveness with pulse power analysis in surgical patients. Minerva Anestesiol 2012, 78: 527-533.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Vincent JL, Weil MH: Fluid challenge revisited. Crit Care Med 2006, 34: 1333-1337. 10.1097/01.CCM.0000214677.76535.A5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Cavallaro F, Sandroni C, Marano C, La Torre G, Mannocci A, De Waure C, Bello G, Maviglia R, Antonelli M: Diagnostic accuracy of passive leg raising for prediction of fluid responsiveness in adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. Intensive Care Med 2010, 36: 1475-1483. 10.1007/s00134-010-1929-y

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Preau S, Dewavrin F, Soland V, Bortolotti P, Colling D, Chagnon JL, Durocher A, Saulnier F: Hemodynamic changes during a deep inspiration maneuver predict fluid responsiveness in spontaneously breathing patients. Cardiol Res Pract 2012, 2012: 191807.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Lukito V, Djer MM, Pudjiadi AH, Munasir Z: The role of passive leg raising to predict fluid responsiveness in pediatric intensive care unit patients. Pediatr Crit Care Med 2012, 13: e155-160. 10.1097/PCC.0b013e3182388ab3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Teboul JL, Monnet X: Prediction of volume responsiveness in critically ill patients with spontaneous breathing activity. Curr Opin Crit Care 2008, 14: 334-339. 10.1097/MCC.0b013e3282fd6e1e

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Mahjoub Y, Touzeau J, Airapetian N, Lorne E, Hijazi M, Zogheib E, Tinturier F, Slama M, Dupont H: The passive leg-raising maneuver cannot accurately predict fluid responsiveness in patients with intra-abdominal hypertension. Crit Care Med 2010, 38: 1824-1829. 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181eb3c21

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Monnet X, Teboul JL: Passive leg raising. Intensive Care Med 2008, 34: 659-663. 10.1007/s00134-008-0994-y

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Broch O, Renner J, Gruenewald M, Meybohm P, Hocker J, Schottler J, Steinfath M, Bein B: Variation of left ventricular outflow tract velocity and global end-diastolic volume index reliably predict fluid responsiveness in cardiac surgery patients. J Crit Care 2012, 27: 325. e327-313

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Skulec R, Cermak O, Skalicka H, Kolar J: Variability of aortic blood flow predicts fluid responsiveness in spontaneously breathing healthy volunteers. Kardiol Pol 2009, 67: 265-271.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Feissel M, Teboul JL, Merlani P, Badie J, Faller JP, Bendjelid K: Plethysmographic dynamic indices predict fluid responsiveness in septic ventilated patients. Intens Care Med 2007, 33: 993-999. 10.1007/s00134-007-0602-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. McIlroy DR, Kharasch ED: Acute intravascular volume expansion with rapidly administered crystalloid or colloid in the setting of moderate hypovolemia. Anesth Analg 2003, 96: 1572-1577.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Verheij J, van Lingen A, Beishuizen A, Christiaans HM, de Jong JR, Girbes AR, Wisselink W, Rauwerda JA, Huybregts MA, Groeneveld AB: Cardiac response is greater for colloid than saline fluid loading after cardiac or vascular surgery. Intensive Care Med 2006, 32: 1030-1038. 10.1007/s00134-006-0195-5

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Perel P, Roberts I, Ker K: Colloids versus crystalloids for fluid resuscitation in critically ill patients. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013, 2: CD000567.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Slama M, Masson H, Teboul JL, Arnout ML, Susic D, Frohlich E, Andrejak M: Respiratory variations of aortic VTI: a new index of hypovolemia and fluid responsiveness. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002, 283: H1729-1733.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank the patients for their participation in the study and the medical and nurse staff for their collaboration in the realization of this work.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bao Liu.

Additional information

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

YW performed the data collection and drafted the manuscript. ZZ performed the statistical analysis and assisted in the drafting of the manuscript. SZ and BL conceived of the study, participated in its design, and coordinated the study. All authors read, revised, and approved the final manuscript.

Authors’ original submitted files for images

Rights and permissions

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wu, Y., Zhou, S., Zhou, Z. et al. A 10-second fluid challenge guided by transthoracic echocardiography can predict fluid responsiveness. Crit Care 18, R108 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/cc13891

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/cc13891

Keywords