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Table 2 Univariable analysis of factors associated with presumptive/proven PJP

From: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in intensive care units: a multicenter study by ESGCIP and EFISG

Variable*

Total

n = 559 (100)

Patients with presumptive/proven PJP

n = 115 (20.6)

Patients without PJP

n = 444 (79.4)

OR (95% CI)

P

Demographic

     

Age in years, median (IQR)

61 (52–70)

60 (49–70)

62 (53–71)

0.99 (0.98–1.00)

0.15

Female sex

191 (34.2)

35 (30.4)

156 (35.1)

0.81 (0.52–1.26)

0.34

Medical history

     

HIV infection (missing = 10)

48 (8.7)

22 (19.5)

26 (6.0)

3.81 (2.07–7.03)

 < 0.001

AIDS (missing = 12)

31 (5.7)

19 (17.0)

12 (2.8)

7.20 (3.38–15.35)

 < 0.001

Solid organ transplant (missing = 2)

53 (9.5)

6 (5.2)

47 (10.6)

0.46 (0.19–1.11)

0.08

 Liver

14 (2.5)

0 (0)

14 (3.2)

 

§

 Kidney

24 (4.3)

5 (4.3)

19 (4.3)

1.02 (0.37–2.78)

0.97

 Lung

8 (1.4)

1 (0.9)

7 (1.6)

0.55 (0.07–4.5)

0.58

 Heart

7 (1.3)

0 (0)

7 (1.6)

 

§

 Other

0 (0)

0 (0)

0 (0)

  

Hematological malignancy (missing = 1)

129 (23.1)

36 (31.3)

93 (21.0)

1.72 (1.09–2.71)

0.02

 AML

42 (7.5)

4 (3.5)

38 (8.6)

0.39 (0.14–1.10)

0.075

 ALL

9 (1.6)

3 (2.6)

6 (1.4)

1.96 (0.48–7.94)

0.35

 Hodgkin lymphoma

7 (1.3)

2 (1.7)

5 (1.1)

1.55 (0.30–8.11)

0.60

 Non-Hodgkin lymphoma

29 (5.2)

16 (10.3)

13 (2.9)

5.36 (2.50–11.50)

 < 0.001

 Other

39 (7.0)

8 (6.9)

31 (7.0)

0.99 (0.45–2.23)

0.99

HSCT (missing = 3)

54 (9.7)

12 (10.4)

42 (9.5)

1.24 (0.63–2.45)

0.54

Inflammatory disease (missing = 3)

80 (14.4)

17 (14.8)

63 (14.3)

1.04 (0.58–1.86)

0.89

 Rheumatoid Arthritis

12 (2.2)

3 (2.6)

9 (2.0)

1.30 (0.35–4.86)

0.70

 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

8 (1.4)

1 (0.9)

7 (1.6)

0.55 (0.07–4.50)

0.58

 Polymyositis-Dermatomyositis

5 (0.9)

0 (0)

5 (1.1)

 

§

 Inflammatory bowel disease

4 (0.7)

2 (1.7)

2 (0.5)

3.91 (0.55–28.07)

0.18

 Scleroderma

3 (0.5)

0 (0)

3 (0.7)

 

§

 Vasculitis

9 (1.6)

4 (3.5)

5 (1.1)

3.16 (0.84–11.98)

0.09

 Mixed Connective Tissue Disease

7 (1.3)

1 (0.9)

6 (1.4)

0.64 (0.08–5.37)

0.68

 Autoimmune hepatitis

2 (0.4)

1 (0.9)

1 (0.2)

3.87 (0.24–62.60)

0.34

 Sarcoidosis

4 (0.7)

1 (0.9)

3 (0.7)

1.29 (0.13–12.51)

0.83

 Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

3 (0.5)

1 (0.9)

2 (0.5)

1.94 (0.17–21.57)

0.59

 Myasthenia gravis

5 (0.9)

0 (0)

5 (1.1)

 

§

 Other

18 (3.2)

3 (2.6)

15 (3.4)

0.77 (0.22–2.69)

0.68

Solid tumor (missing = 2)

91 (16.3)

28 (24.6)

63 (14.2)

1.96 (1.19–3.25)

0.009

Metastatic solid tumor

34 (6.1)

14 (12.6)

20 (4.5)

3.05 (1.49–6.26)

0.002

COPD (missing = 8)

62 (11.3)

11 (9.6)

51 (11.7)

0.81 (0.41–1.61)

0.54

Chronic pulmonary diseases other than COPD (missing = 10)

57 (10.4)

9 (8.0)

48 (11.0)

0.70 (0.33–1.47)

0.35

 Asthma

14 (2.6)

2 (1.8)

12 (2.8)

0.64 (0.14–2.89)

0.56

 Cystic fibrosis

9 (1.6)

1 (0.9)

8 (1.8)

0.48 (0.06–3.86)

0.49

 Interstitial lung disease/pulmonary fibrosis

15 (2.7)

2 (1.8)

13 (3.0)

0.59 (0.13–2.64)

0.49

 Other

19 (3.5)

4 (3.5)

15 (3.4)

1.03 (0.34–3.17)

0.96

Chronic kidney disease (missing = 6)

71 (12.8)

13 (11.4)

58 (13.2)

0.85 (0.45–1.60)

0.61

Chronic liver disease (missing = 5)

53 (9.6)

9 (7.9)

44 (10.0)

0.77 (0.37–1.63)

0.49

NYHA score > 2 (missing = 39)

78 (15.0)

13 (14.1)

65 (15.2)

0.92 (0.48–1.75)

0.79

Age-adjusted Charlson score, median (IQR)

4 (2–6)

4 (3–7)

4 (2–5)

1.14 (1.06–1.27)

 < 0.001

Previous major surgery (within 30 days) (missing = 13)

54 (9.8)

6 (5.4)

48 (11.0)

0.46 (0.19–1.11)

0.08

Previous chemotherapy (within 30 days) (missing = 6)

111 (20.1)

39 (34.5)

72 (16.4)

2.69 (1.70–4.28)

 < 0.001

Previous radiotherapy (within 30 days) (missing = 7)

18 (3.3)

10 (8.8)

8 (1.8)

5.23 (2.01–13.58)

 < 0.001

Previous IVIG therapy (within 30 days) (missing = 21)

25 (4.6)

8 (7.5)

17 (3.9)

1.97 (0.83–4.69)

0.13

Previous albumin therapy (within 30 days) (missing = 34)

57 (10.9)

7 (6.6)

50 (11.9)

0.52 (0.23–1.19)

0.12

Previous blood transfusions (within 30 days) (missing = 36)

105 (20.1)

21 (20.0)

84 (20.1)

0.99 (0.58–1.70)

0.98

PJP prophylaxis (missing data = 25)

21 (3.9)

1 (1.1)

20 (4.5)

0.24 (0.03–1.80)

0.16

Clinical and laboratory data at the time of PJP diagnostic workup

     

Length of hospital stay in days, median (IQR) (missing = 44)

8 (2–19)

3 (1–10)

9 (3–20)

0.98 (0.96–1.00)

0.013

Length of ICU stay in days, median (IQR) (missing = 19)

1 (0–6)

0 (0–1)

2 (0–8)

0.92 (0.88–0.96)

0.001

ARDS (missing = 31)

281 (53.2)

59 (57.8)

222 (52.1)

1.26 (0.82–1.95)

0.30

Invasive mechanical ventilation (missing = 11)

300 (54.7)

45 (40.2)

255 (58.5)

0.48 (0.31–0.73)

 < 0.001

SOFA score, median (IQR) (missing = 4)

7 (4–10)

8 (4–10)

7 (4–9)

0.97 (0.92–1.02)

0.22

Septic shock (missing = 29)

159 (30.0)

29 (26.4)

130 (30.9)

0.80 (0.50–1.28)

0.35

CRRT (missing = 23)

61 (11.4)

8 (7.5)

53 (12.3)

0.58 (0.27–1.26)

0.17

CT scan performed (missing = 18)

299 (55.3)

69 (62.2)

230 (53.5)

1.43 (0.93–2.19)

0.10

 No ground-glass opacities

23 (4.3)

0 (0)

23 (5.3)

 

§

 Unilateral ground-glass opacities

7 (1.3)

3 (2.7)

4 (0.9)

2.95 (0.65–13.35)

0.16

 Bilateral ground-glass opacities

68 (12.6)

22 (19.8)

46 (10.7)

2.05 (1.17–3.57)

0.012

 Unilateral ground-glass and consolidations

20 (3.7)

1 (0.9)

19 (4.4)

0.20 (0.03–1.48)

0.11

 Bilateral ground-glass and consolidations

175 (32.3)

39 (35.1)

136 (31.6)

1.16 (0.75–1.80)

0.50

Blood neutrophil count in cells × 10–3/mm3, median (IQR) (missing = 60)

7.3 (4.2–12.3)

6 (3.2–10.8)

7.7 (4.5–13.1)

0.96 (0.93–1.00)

0.03

Blood lymphocyte count in cells × 10–3/mm3, median (IQR) (missing = 115)

0.6 (0.3–1.1)

0.5 (0.2–0.9)

0.7 (0.4–1.2)

0.54 (0.37–0.79)

0.002

Serum CRP in mg/L, median (IQR) (missing = 35)

92 (23–186)

115.5 (42.3–217.5)

83 (20–179)

1.00 (1.00–1.00)

0.087

Serum PCT in ng/mL, median (IQR) (missing = 168)

0.9 (0.2–4.3)

0.4 (0.2–1.1)

1 (0.3–5.7)

1.0 (0.99–1.00)

0.25

  1. AIDS: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome; ALL: Acute lymphocytic leukemia; AML: Acute myeloid leukemia; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; CI: confidence interval;  COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CRRT: Continuous renal replacement therapy; CRP: C-reactive protein; CT: Computer tomography; HIV: Human immunodeficiency virus; HSCT: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation; ICU: Intensive care unit; IQR: interquartile range; IVIG: Intravenous immunoglobulin; NYHA: New York Heart Association; OR: odds ratio; PCT: Procalcitonin; PJP: Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment
  2. *Data reported as no. (%) unless otherwise indicated
  3. §Logistic model not converging
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