World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/?adgroupsurvey=%7Badgroupsurvey%D&gclid=Cj0KCQjwk4yGBhDQARIsACGfAesHuE0vTu-elrNpB95aO6wpEOC11Or3vRsIirn4MG8cGxi477Qb1pYaAnypEALw_wcB. Accessed 4 Oct 2021.
Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, Crawford JM, McGinn T, Davidson KW, et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area. JAMA. 2020;323:2052–9.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ziehr DR, Alladina J, Petri CR, Maley JH, Moskowitz A, Medoff BD, et al. Respiratory pathophysiology of mechanically ventilated patients with COVID-19: a cohort study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;201:1560–4.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Karagiannidis C, Mostert C, Hentschker C, Voshaar T, Malzahn J, Schillinger G, et al. Case characteristics, resource use, and outcomes of 10 021 patients with COVID-19 admitted to 920 German hospitals: an observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8:853–62.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ranzani OT, Bastos LSL, Gelli JGM, Marchesi JF, Baião F, Hamacher S, et al. Characterisation of the first 250,000 hospital admissions for COVID-19 in Brazil: a retrospective analysis of nationwide data. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9:407–18.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cordova E, Mykietiuk A, Sued O, De Vedia L, Pacifico N, Garcia Hernandez MH, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a Latin American country: results from the ECCOVID multicenter prospective study. PLoS ONE. 2021;16:e0258260.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, Shu H, Xia J, Liu H, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8:475–81.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Estenssoro E, Loudet CI, Ríos FG, Kanoore Edul VS, Plotnikow G, Andrian M, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of invasively ventilated patients with COVID-19 in Argentina (SATICOVID): a prospective, multicentre cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. 2021;9:989–98.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cummings MJ, Baldwin MR, Abrams D, Jacobson SD, Meyer BJ, Balough EM, et al. Epidemiology, clinical course, and outcomes of critically ill adults with COVID-19 in New York City: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395:1763–70.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ñamendys-Silva SA, Gutiérrez-Villaseñor A, Romero-González JP. Hospital mortality in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients in Mexico. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46:2086–8.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lambermont B, Ernst M, Demaret P, Boccar S, Gurdebeke C, Cedric VB, et al. Predictors of mortality and effect of drug therapies in mechanically ventilated patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a multicenter cohort study. Crit Care Explor. 2020;2:e0305.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Anesi GL, Kerlin MP. The impact of resource limitations on care delivery and outcomes: routine variation, the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, and persistent shortage. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2021;27:513–9.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Martin-Villares C, Perez Molina-Ramirez C, Bartolome-Benito M, Bernal-Sprekelsen M. Outcome of 1890 tracheostomies for critical COVID-19 patients: a national cohort study in Spain. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;278:1605–12.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Williams T, McGrath BA. Tracheostomy for COVID-19: evolving best practice. Crit Care. 2021;25:316.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lamb CR, Desai NR, Angel L, Chaddha U, Sachdeva A, Sethi S, et al. Use of tracheostomy during the COVID-19 pandemic: American College of Chest Physicians/American Association for Bronchology and Interventional Pulmonology/Association of Interventional Pulmonology Program Directors Expert Panel Report. Chest. 2020;158:1499–514.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Miles BA, Schiff B, Ganly I, Ow T, Cohen E, Genden E, et al. Tracheostomy during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic: Recommendations from the New York Head and Neck Society. Head Neck. 2020;42:1282–90.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sommer DD, Engels PT, Weitzel EK, Khalili S, Corsten M, Tewfik MA, et al. Recommendations from the CSO-HNS taskforce on performance of tracheotomy during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;49:23.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Shiba T, Ghazizadeh S, Chhetri D, St John M, Long J. Tracheostomy considerations during the COVID-19 pandemic. OTO Open. 2020;4:1–5.
Google Scholar
Michetti CP, Burlew CC, Bulger EM, Davis KA, Spain DA. Performing tracheostomy during the Covid-19 pandemic: guidance and recommendations from the Critical Care and Acute Care Surgery Committees of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2020;5:e000482.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jones H, Gendre A, Walshe P, Walsh M, Glynn F, Lacy P, et al. The Royal College of surgeons multidisciplinary guidelines on elective tracheostomy insertion in COVID-19 ventilated patients. Surgeon. 2021;19:e265–9.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hernandez G, Ramos FJ, Añon JM, Ortiz R, Colinas L, Masclans JR, et al. Early tracheostomy for managing ICU capacity during the COVID-19 outbreak: a propensity-matched cohort study. Chest. 2021;161(1):121–9.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Angel LF, Amoroso NE, Rafeq S, Mitzman B, Goldenberg R, Shekar SP, et al. Percutaneous dilational tracheostomy for coronavirus disease 2019 patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med. 2021;49:1058–67.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Mahmood K, Cheng GZ, Van Nostrand K, Shojaee S, Wayne MT, Abbott M, et al. Tracheostomy for COVID-19 respiratory failure: multidisciplinary, multicenter data on timing, technique, and outcomes. Ann Surg. 2021;274:234–9.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Nasa P, Azoulay E, Khanna AK, Jain R, Gupta S, Javeri Y, et al. Expert consensus statements for the management of COVID-19-related acute respiratory failure using a Delphi method. Crit Care. 2021;25:106.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Brenner MJ, Feller-Kopman D, De Cardenas J. POINT: tracheostomy in patients with COVID-19: should we do it before 14 days? Yes. Chest. 2021;159:1723–7.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Pandian V, Murgu S, Lamb CR. COUNTERPOINT: tracheostomy in patients with COVID-19: should we do it before 14 days? No Chest. 2021;159:1727–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Wells GA, Shea B, O’Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P. The Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomized studies in meta-analysis. Ottawa Hospital Research Institute website, http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp. Accessed 5 Sept 2019.
Wan X, Wang W, Liu J, Tong T. Estimating the sample mean and standard deviation from the sample size, median, range and/or interquartile range. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14:135.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Higgins JPT, Thomas J, Chandler J, Cumpston M, Li T, Page MJ, Welch VA, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.2 (updated February 2021). Cochrane. 2021. www.training.cochrane.org/handbook.
Arnold J, Gao CA, Malsin E, Todd K, Argento AC, Cuttica M, et al. Outcomes of percutaneous tracheostomy for patients with SARS-CoV-2 respiratory failure. medRxiv. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.23.21252231.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Breik O. Safety and 30-day outcomes of tracheostomy for COVID-19: a prospective observational cohort study. Br J Anaesth. 2020;125:872–9.
CAS
Google Scholar
Chandran A, Kumar R, Kanodia A, Shaphaba K, Sagar P, Thakar A. Outcomes of tracheostomy in COVID-19 patients: a single centre experience. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12070-021-02758-8.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Glibbery N, Karamali K, Walker C, Fitzgerald O’Connor I, Fish B, Irune E. Tracheostomy in the coronavirus disease 2019 patient: evaluating feasibility, challenges and early outcomes of the 14-day guidance. J Laryngol Otol. 2020;134:688–95.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hansson A, Sunnergren O, Hammarskjöld A, Alkemark C, Taxbro K. Tracheostomy in patients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome—characteristics, complications, and a comparison between early and late tracheostomy: a retrospective observational study. Res Sq. 2021. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-543176/v1.
Article
Google Scholar
Livneh N, Mansour J, Kassif Lerner R, Feinmesser G, Alon E. Early vs. late tracheostomy in ventilated COVID-19 patients—a retrospective study. Am J Otolaryngol. 2021;42:103102.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Prats-Uribe A, Tobed M, Villacampa JM, Agüero A, García-Bastida C, Tato JI, et al. Timing of elective tracheotomy and duration of mechanical ventilation amongst patients admitted to intensive care with severe COVID-19: a multicentre prospective cohort study. medRxiv. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.22.21249651.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Takhar A, Tornari C, Amin N, Wyncoll D, Tricklebank S, Arora A, et al. Safety and outcomes of percutaneous tracheostomy in coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonitis patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation. J Laryngol Otol. 2020;134:961–70.
Google Scholar
Tang Y, Wu Y, Zhu F, Yang X, Huang C, Hou G, et al. Tracheostomy in 80 COVID-19 patients: a multicenter, retrospective, observational study. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:615845.
Google Scholar
Tetaj N, Maritti M, Stazi G, Marini MC, Centanni D, Garotto G, et al. Outcomes and timing of bedside percutaneous tracheostomy of COVID-19 patients over a year in the intensive care unit. J Clin Med. 2021;10:3335.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Volo T, Stritoni P, Battel I, Zennaro B, Lazzari F, Bellin M, et al. Elective tracheostomy during COVID-19 outbreak: to whom, when, how? Early experience from Venice, Italy. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021;278:781–9.
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
McGrath BA, Brenner MJ, Warrillow SJ, Pandian V, Arora A, Cameron TS, et al. Tracheostomy in the COVID-19 era: global and multidisciplinary guidance. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8:717–25.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chorath K, Hoang A, Rajasekaran K, Moreira A. Association of early vs late tracheostomy placement with pneumonia and ventilator days in critically ill patients: a meta-analysis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021;147:450–9.
PubMed
Google Scholar
COVID-ICU Group on behalf of the REVA Network and the COVID-ICU Investigators. Clinical characteristics and day-90 outcomes of 4244 critically ill adults with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Intensive Care Med. 2021;47:60–73.
Google Scholar
Blonz G, Kouatchet A, Chudeau N, Pontis E, Lorber J, Lemeur A, et al. Epidemiology and microbiology of ventilator-associated pneumonia in COVID-19 patients: a multicenter retrospective study in 188 patients in an un-inundated French region. Crit Care. 2021;25:72.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nseir S, Martin-Loeches I, Povoa P, Metzelard M, Du Cheyron D, Lambiotte F, et al. Relationship between ventilator-associated pneumonia and mortality in COVID-19 patients: a planned ancillary analysis of the coVAPid cohort. Crit Care. 2021;25:177.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Cai SQ, Hu JW, Liu D, Bai XJ, Xie J, Chen JJ, et al. The influence of tracheostomy timing on outcomes in trauma patients: a meta-analysis. Injury. 2017;48:866–73.
PubMed
Google Scholar
de Franca SA, Tavares WM, Salinet ASM, Paiva WS, Teixeira MJ. Early tracheostomy in severe traumatic brain injury patients: a meta-analysis and comparison with late tracheostomy. Crit Care Med. 2020;48:e325–31.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Avilés-Jurado FX, Prieto-Alhambra D, González-Sánchez N, De Ossó J, Arancibia C, Rojas-Lechuga MJ, et al. Timing, complications, and safety of tracheotomy in critically ill patients with COVID-19. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021;147:41–8.
Google Scholar
Staibano P, Levin M, McHugh T, Gupta M, Sommer DD. Association of tracheostomy with outcomes in patients with COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 transmission among health care professionals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2021;147:646–55.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ferro A, Kotecha S, Auzinger G, Yeung E, Fan K. Systematic review and meta-analysis of tracheostomy outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2021;59:1013–23.
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Schultz MJ, Teng MS, Brenner MJ. Timing of tracheostomy for patients with COVID-19 in the ICU-setting precedent in unprecedented times. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2020;146:887–8.
PubMed
Google Scholar