The dawn of physiological closed-loop ventilation—a review

Table 2 Chronological development of closed-loop ventilation for O₂ control in vivo

Year	First author	Controller type	Patient	Ventilation variables	Subject	Setpoint control	Compared to Manual
1975	Mitamura [36]	On/off	SaO₂	FiO₂	–	x	o
1979	Beddis [37]	P	PaO₂	FiO₂	Neonates (n = 12)	o	o
1985	Sano [18]	Adaptive	tcPO₂	FiO₂	Dogs (n = 2)	x	o
1987	Yu [19]	Adaptive	SpO₂	FiO₂	Dogs (n = 8)	x	o
1988	Dugdale [38]	Robust	PaO₂	FiO₂	Neonates (n = 7)	o	x
1991	East [45]	PID	PaO₂	PEEP, FiO₂	Dogs (n = 4)	x	o
1992	Bhutani [39]	PID	SaO₂	FiO₂	Neonates (n = 14)	o	x
1995	Waisel [40]	Expert	SaO₂	FiO₂, PEEP	Patients (n = 6)	o	x
1997	Raemer [47]	PID	SpO₂	FiO₂	Dogs (n = 6)	x	o
2001	Claure [41]	Rule-based	SpO₂	FiO₂	Neonates (n = 14)	o	x
2004	Urschitz [42]	Expert	SpO₂	FiO₂	Neonates (n = 12)	o	x
2008	Johannigman [48]	PID	SpO₂	FiO₂	Patients (n = 15)	x	o
2017	Morozoff [49]	Adaptive	SaO₂	FiO₂	Neonates (n = 7)	o	x
2018	Gajdos [44]	Adaptive	SpO₂	FiO₂	Neonates (n = 12)	o	x

Setpoint control is again the dynamic response of the system to changes of the target. Disturbance rejection was seldom evaluated for O₂ control systems. Instead, the controller was compared to a manual (clinician-in-the-loop) system, with the metric being the total time spent at the target zone

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