The dawn of physiological closed-loop ventilation—a review

Table 1 Chronological development of closed-loop ventilation for CO₂ and pH control in vivo

Year	First author	Controller type	Patient	Ventilation variables	Subject	Setpoint control	Disturbance control
1957	Saxton [15]	PI	etCO₂	P_insp	Patients (n = 2)	x	o
1957	Frumin [16]	PI	etCO₂	P_insp	Patients (n = 64)	x	o
1959	Frumin [25]	PI	etCO₂	P_insp	Patients (n = 50)	x	o
1968	Holloman [31]	PI	etCO₂	FiCO₂	Patient (n = 1)	x	o
1971	Mitamura [20]	Optimal	\(\dot {\mathrm {V}}\text {CO}_{2}\)	V_T, f	Dogs (n = 18)	x	x
1973	Coles [26]	PI	etCO₂	V_T	Sheep (n = 1)	x	o
1974	Schulz [28]	PD	PaCO₂	V_T	Patients (n = 11)	x	o
1978	Coon [29]	PID	pH	V_T	Dogs (n = 30)	x	x
1978	Smith [27]	PI	etCO₂	f	Cat (n = 1)	o	x
1982	East [32]	PID	PaCO₂	f	Dogs (n = 18)	x	o
1982	Ohlson [30]	PID	etCO₂	V_T	Dogs (n = 6)	o	x
1984	Bhansali [33]	P	etCO₂	V_T	Dogs (n = 3)	x	x
1985	Chapman [34]	PI	etCO₂	MV	Dogs (n = 5)	x	x
1987	Ritchie [35]	PI	etCO₂	V_T	Dogs (n = 5)	x	x
1994	Takahara[17]	Adaptive	etCO₂	V_T	Patients (n = 10)	x	o
1996	Schäublin [23]	Fuzzy	etCO₂	V_T, f	Patients (n = 30)	x	o
2002	Fernando [21]	MPC	PaCO₂	MMV level	Patient (n = 1)	x	o
2004	Martinoni [22]	MPC	etCO₂	MV	Patients (n = 15)	x	x

Setpoint control is the dynamic response of the system to changes of the target. Disturbance control is the response of the system to an external disturbance (e.g., extracorporeal CO₂ loading, pulmonary artery occlusion or disconnection)

ISSN: 1364-8535