Infectious Diseases Clinic, Department of Medicine University of Udine and Santa Maria Misericordia Hospital, Piazzale Santa Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100, Udine, Italy
Matteo Bassetti, Antonio Vena, Alessia Carnelutti, Maria Merelli & Maddalena Peghin
Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
Matteo Bassetti, Daniele R. Giacobbe, Filippo Ansaldi, Cristiano Alicino, Alessio Mesini & Valentino Tisa
Health Planning unit, Azienda Ligure Sanitaria della Regione Liguria (A.Li.Sa.), Liguria Region, Italy
Cecilia Trucchi & Filippo Ansaldi
Health Planning unit, Policlinic San Martino Hospital - IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
Cecilia Trucchi & Filippo Ansaldi
Department of Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, Rome, Italy
Massimo Antonelli
Clinical Microbiology and ATB Centre, Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
Vaclava Adamkova
Department of Medical Microbiology, Medical Faculty of Palackeho University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
Vaclava Adamkova
Medical Direction, Santa Corona Hospital, ASL 2 Regional Health System of Liguria, Pietra Ligure, Italy
Cristiano Alicino
Department of Critical Care, University Hospital Attikon, Medical School, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Maria-Panagiota Almyroudi & George Dimopoulos
Département d’Anesthésie-Réanimation, CHU Bichat-Claude Bernard, HUPNVS, APHP, Paris, France
Enora Atchade & Philippe Montravers
Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Infectious Disease Unit, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
Anna M. Azzini
First Division, Cotugno Hospital, AO dei Colli, Naples, Italy
Novella Carannante
Department of Medical Sciences, Infectious Diseases, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Silvia Corcione
Department of Surgical, Oncological and Oral Science (Di.Chir.On.S.), Section of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, Policlinico Paolo Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Andrea Cortegiani
Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
Simon Dubler
Servicio de Cuidados Críticos y Urgencias, Hospital San Juan de Dios del Aljarafe, Bormujos, Sevilla, Spain
José L. García-Garmendia
Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
Massimo Girardis
Department I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital of Cologne and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Cologne, Germany
Oliver A. Cornely
Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Science, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Stefano Ianniruberto
Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Bart Jan Kullberg & Jeroen Schouten
Department of Laboratory Medicine and National Reference Centre for Mycosis, University Hospitals of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Katrien Lagrou
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Katrien Lagrou
Bichat-Réanimation médicale et des maladies infectieuses, Medical ICU, Paris, France
Clement Le Bihan
Infectious Diseases Department, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Roberto Luzzati
Department of Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Brussels (UZB), Jette, Belgium and Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
Manu L. N. G. Malbrain
C.H. Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
Ana J. Marques
Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Multidisciplinary Intensive Care Research Organization (MICRO), St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
Ignacio Martin-Loeches
Hospital Clinic, IDIBAPS,CIBERes, universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Ignacio Martin-Loeches
Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto e Grupo de Infecção e Sépsis, Porto, Portugal
José-Artur Paiva
Department of Biopathology and Medical Biotechnologies, Section of Anesthesia, Analgesia, Intensive Care and Emergency, Policlinico P. Giaccone, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Santi Maurizio Raineri
Department of Infectious Diseases, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Wythenshawe Hospital; and Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
Riina Rautemaa-Richardson
Infectious Diseases Department, Ospedale Civile SS. Giovanni e Paolo, Venice, Italy
Pierluigi Brugnaro
Intensive Care Department, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Universitair Ziekenhuis Brussel (UZ Brussel), Brussels, Belgium
Herbert Spapen
G. Gennimatas General Hospital of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
Polychronis Tasioudis
Université Paris Diderot/Hopital Bichat-Réanimation Medicale et Des Maladies Infectieuses, Paris, France
Jean-François Timsit
UMR 1137-IAME Team 5-DeSCID: Decision SCiences in Infectious Diseases, Control and Care, Inserm/Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
Jean-François Timsit
Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS – Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
Mario Tumbarello
Department of Intensive Care, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
Charlotte H. S. B. van den Berg
Pole Anesthésie-Réanimation-SAMU, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
Benoit Veber
Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Mario Venditti
Sorbonne Université, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de réanimation médico-chirurgicale, Hôpital Tenon, 75020, Paris, France
Guillaume Voiriot
Department of General Internal Medicine, Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
Joost Wauters
Université de Paris, INSERM UMR 1152, Paris, France
Philippe Montravers
MB, PM, DRG, FA, CT, and AV made substantial contributions to the study concept and design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, first drafting of the manuscript, and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. All the other authors made substantial contributions to the acquisition of data and critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.