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Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan as a diagnostic biomarker for IPA: still a long way to go
Critical Care volume 20, Article number: 280 (2016)
The Original Article was published on 10 May 2016
In a recent issue of Critical Care, Maria Schroeder et al. [1] reported a prospective observational study involving 85 patients who had positive Aspergillus cultures or had only a positive galactomannan test. They hypothesized that a diagnostic algorithm including the detection of galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) would increase the diagnostic sensitivity for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. The result of this study indicated that the diagnostic sensitivity for IPA could be increased by applying a cutoff value of 0.5 in BALF galactomannan as an additional entry criterion for the AspICU clinical algorithm. Based on the knowledge of the previous research, we would like to make some remarks.
BALF galactomannan assay is recommended as an accurate marker for the diagnosis of IPA in adult and pediatric patients or even in patients receiving mold-active antifungal therapy or prophylaxis [2]. However, there is no consensus on its cutoff index and values of 0.5,1.0 and 3.0 have been reported in clinical studies. One systematic review and meta-analysis including 30 diagnostic studies evaluated the BALF galactomannan assay for diagnosing IPA and revealed that the assay had higher sensitivity with an optimal cutoff index of 1.0 compared with a cutoff index of 0.5. The sensitivity was even higher than the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serum galactomannan test [3]. No standardized procedure for extracting BALF has been published yet and different studies have taken different approaches to collecting BALF. As the yield of BALF is low, different methods affected the BALF assay and led to different results.
The sensitivity of galactomannan in serum varies from 29 to 100Â %, especially in severely immunocompromised patients who were admitted to ICU because of infectious diseases which led to the AspICU protocol not including Aspergillus antigen testing [4]. It is a possible concern that factors associated with false negative results for the galactomannan assay in serum, such as prophylactic use of antifungal drugs and immunocompromised patients, can also result in false negative results when measuring galactomannan in BALF [4]. More importantly, it is difficult to identify patients who are in the early stage of IPA, particularly when the serum galactomannan test does not yield clear results and the BALF galactomannan test shows a positive result [5].
In conclusion, although the galactomannan assay in BALF is the current trend for diagnosing IPA, the cutoff index and BALF procedures need to be standardized, taking into account factors that may affect the results.
Abbreviations
BALF, Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid; ICU, Intensive care unit; IPA, Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis; PCR, Polymerase chain reaction.
References
Schroeder M, Simon M, Katchanov J, Wijaya C, Rohde H, et al. Does galactomannan testing increase diagnostic accuracy for IPA in the ICU? A prospective observational study. Crit Care. 2016;20(1):139.
Patterson TF, Thompson GR 3rd, Denning DW, Fishman JA, Hadley S, et al. Practice Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Aspergillosis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(4):e1-e60.
Zou M, Tang L, Zhao S, Zhao Z, Chen L, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of detecting galactomannan in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid for diagnosing invasive aspergillosis. PLoS One. 2012;7(8), e43347.
Mennink-Kersten MA, Donnelly JP, Verweij PE. Detection of circulating galactomannan for the diagnosis and management of invasive aspergillosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4(6):349–57.
Hope WW, Petraitis V, Petraitiene R, Aghamolla T, Bacher J, et al. The initial 96 hours of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: histopathology, comparative kinetics of galactomannan and (1- > 3) beta-d-glucan and consequences of delayed antifungal therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2010;54(11):4879–86.
Acknowledgements
We appreciate Zhongheng Zhang from the Department of Critical Care Medicine in Jinhua Municipal Central Hospital for revising the language of the manuscript.
Authors’ contributions
YY and CZ both helped to draft and edit the article. YG revised and approved the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
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See related research by Gao et al., http://ccforum.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13054-016-1326-1
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Yu, Y., Zhu, C. & Gao, Y. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid galactomannan as a diagnostic biomarker for IPA: still a long way to go. Crit Care 20, 280 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-016-1452-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-016-1452-9