Fig. 1

Co-expressed gene modules and gene set enrichment analysis in patients with sepsis stratified according to MS1 cell percentages in blood. A The co-expression module identification analysis revealed distinct gene modules based on MS1 cell levels in patients with sepsis. Patients were categorized into low MS1 (n = 111), intermediate MS1 (n = 111), and high MS1 groups (n = 110). The size of each circle in the graph is proportional to − log10(BH adjusted p value), and the color represents the normalized enrichment score (NES). Blue indicates a decreased NES, and red color represents an increased NES. B The network diagrams depict the two largest differential co-expression gene modules (Module 2 and Module 3) identified in the analysis; the network highlights the hub genes, which are crucial regulatory genes within each module, C The graph illustrates the correlation between the percentage of MS1 cells and the normalized gene expression matrix. Positive correlations with a BH adjusted p value < 0.05 are shown in red, negative correlations in blue; and non-significant correlations are depicted in gray. Gene names indicate the top five positively correlated (in red) and the top five negatively correlated (in blue) genes. D Gene set enrichment analysis performed on genes that correlated with MS1 levels. The color-coded NES values signify the enrichment score for each pathway; all pathways displayed a BH adjusted p value < 0.05, except for pathways marked by an asterisk (*), which indicates a BH adjusted p value < 0.1