Table 1 Governance prototypes of trauma systems: trauma-community model, state agency model, non-state agency model

Driver of process

Trauma community (professionals, organizations)

State agency (Ministry, Health Agency)

Non-state actor (Medical/Scientific society)

Lead agency

Not on national level heterogenous (regional, none)

Legal authority to designate and certify centers

No legal authority, strong normative power

Networks based on population need

Not on national level heterogenous (regional, none)

Yes

Yes

Formal process for center designation

Not on national level heterogenous (regional, none)

Yes

Yes

Independent assessment

Not on national level heterogenous (regional, none)

Yes

Yes

Information system (registry)

Heterogenous

Yes

Yes

System monitoring

Heterogenous

Yes

Yes

Education standards

Heterogenous

Yes

Yes

Funding

Heterogenous

Yes

Yes (non-state)

Triage guidelines and SOP

Heterogenous

Yes

Yes (non-state)

Examples

USA, France, Spain, Italy

Netherlands, UK, Norway

Germany