Table 3 Diagnostics and imaging
From: Long-term outcome in new onset refractory status epilepticus: a retrospective study
Patient | NORSE Etiology | WCC (pro µL) | Albumin quotient in CSF | Abnormalities at first MRI | Brain FDG-PET abnormalities | First EEG | Origin or maximum of ED/SE | EEG at ICU-discharge or last EEG before death | Origin or maximum of epileptic discharges | Semiology of seizures | cEEG | Duration of continuous EEG (days) | In-hospital death | Timing of death (days after hospital admission) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Crypto | 8 | N | No | Heterogeneous cortical hyper- and hypometabolism | DB | NA | DB | NA | Repetitive GTCS | Yes | 45 | Yes | 52 |
2 | CASPR-2 AI encephalitis | 2 | N | DWI restriction: left parahippocampal gyrus | NA | MFS/SE | O | MFS/SE | O | One GTCS, then NC | Yes | 19 | Yes | 34 |
3 | CAS with recurrent perfusion deficit | 29 | N | DWI restriction: cortical, bilateral, parietal | NA | FS/SE | TP | No ED, no SE | NA | One GTCS, then focal or NC | No | NA | No | – |
4 | Crypto | 276 | ↑ | No | No | FS/SE | F | Repetitive, focal ED | F | NC | Yes | 3 | No | – |
5 | Crypto | 4 | ↑ | T2-/FLAIR- Hyperintensities, white substance mainly left occipitotemporal | NA | MFS/SE | FC | No ED, no SE | NA | NC | No | NA | No | – |
6 | Crypto | 0 | NA | LE | NA | FS/SE | F | FSE | F | NC | Yes | 8 | Yes | 41 |
7 | Crypto | 0 | N | T2-/FLAIR- Hyperintensities right insula, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus | No | MFS/SE | F | No ED, no SE | NA | Repetitive GTCS | No | NA | No | – |
8 | Crypto | 32 | NA | LE | NA | FS/SE | F | Repetitive, focal ED | T | One GTCS, then NC | No | NA | No | 743 |
9 | Crypto | 5 | N | DWI restriction, right thalamus | No | FS/SE | F | Few, focal ED | TP | Repetitive GTCS | Yes | 15 | No | – |
10 | Crypto | 6 | ↑ | T2-/FLAIR Hyperintensities cortical frontal, cingulate gyrus, thalamus, cerebellar bilateral | No | FS/SE | F | NA | NA | Repetitive GTCS | Yes | 16 | No | 995 |
11 | CJD | 1 | NA | No | No | FS/SE | C | FS or SE | O | Focal | Yes | 5 | Yes | 32 |
12 | HSV-1 | 23 | ↑ | CE right temporal | NA | FS/SE | T | Repetitive, generalized ED | F | NC | No | NA | Yes | 8 |
13 | Tick-borne encephalitis | 130 | ↑ | T2-/FLAIR-hyperintensities right parietooccipital | NA | MFS/SE | F | No ED, no SE | NA | Repetitive GTCS | No | NA | No | – |
14 | HSV type 1 | 53 | N | T2-/FLAIR- Hyperintensities right temporal and insular | NA | FS/SE | T | No ED, no SE | NA | NC | Yes | 10 | No | 676 |
15 | Crypto | 20 | NA | T2-/FLAIR- Hyperintensities in the basal ganglia | NA | FS/SE | C | NA | NA | Repetitive GTCS | Yes | 2 | Yes | 9 |
16 | Crypto | 19 | N | LE | NA | FS/SE | F | No ED, no SE | NA | Two GTCS, then NC | Yes | 2 | Yes | 70 |
17 | HSV-1 | 626 | ↑ | T2-/FLAIR- Hyperintensities left temporal, amygdala and hippocampus | NA | FS/SE | T | No ED, no SE | NA | One GTCS, then NC | Yes | 4 | No | – |
18 | Crypto | 34 | N | T2-/FLAIR- Hyperintensities putamen and nucleus caudatus bilateral | Generalized hypometabolism | MFS/SE | TF | FS | TP | Focal | Yes | 80 | No | – |
19 | Crypto | 1 | N | DWI restriction, global | NA | FS/SE | PO | Repetitive, focal ED | P | NC | Yes | 21 | Yes | 59 |
20 | Crypto | 1 | ↑ | No | No | MFS/SE | F | No ED, no SE | NA | NC | No | NA | No | 82 |
21 | Crypto | 7 | ↑ | DWI restriction. FLAIR-hyperintensities left hippocampus | No | MFS/SE | F | Few, multifocal ED | F | Repetitive GTCS | Yes | 17 | No | – |
22 | Anti-GABAA receptor encephalitis | 0 | N | FLAIR- Hyperintensities temporal, amygdala, hippocampus, gyrus cinguli | Metabolically active amygdala and hippocampus on the left, most likely inflammatory | MFS/SE | T | FS | C | Focal | Yes | 19 | No | – |
23 | Crypto | 27 | N | No | No | MFS/SE | F | Multifocal periodic ED, no SE | F | Focal | Yes | 79 | No | 531 |
24 | Crypto | 28 | ↑ | FLAIR- hyperintensity, punctiform precentral right | No | MFS/SE | C | No ED, no SE | NA | Repetitive GTCS | Yes | 34 | Yes | 192 |
25 | Crypto | 12 | ↑ | No | No | FS/SE | T | Multifocal periodic ED, no SE | TP | Repetitive GTCS | Yes | 22 | No | – |