Table 3 Summary of patient characteristics by latent class analysis subtype assignment
|  | Subtype 1 (N = 292) | Subtype 2 (N = 108) | P-value* |
|---|---|---|---|
Variables included in LCA model | |||
Age | 57.7 ± 13.8 | 65.7 ± 13.5 |  < 0.0001 |
Male sex | 192 (66%) | 75 (69%) | 0.56 |
BMI (median (IQR)) | 32 (28 to 37) | 32 (27 to 38) | 0.47 |
Race | Â | Â | 0.91 |
Not White or Caucasian | 88 (30%) | 30 (28%) | Â |
White or Caucasian | 157 (54%) | 57 (53%) | Â |
Unknown | 47 (16%) | 21 (19%) | Â |
Respiratory support |  |  |  < 0.0001 |
≤ 15 LPM oxygen | 32 (11%) | 10 (9%) |  |
> 15 LPM oxygen | 204 (70%) | 51 (47%) |  |
Noninvasive mechanical ventilation | 30 (10%) | 10 (9%) | Â |
Invasive Mechanical ventilation | 26 (9%) | 36 (33%) | Â |
Labs†|  |  |  |
Platelets (109/L) | 275 ± 91 | 225 ± 84 |  < 0.0001 |
Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 25.1 ± 5.8 | 21.8 ± 3.3 |  < 0.0001 |
Hematocrit (%) | 40 ± 5 | 36 ± 6 |  < 0.0001 |
Bilirubin (mg/dL) | 0.5 (0.4 to 0.7) | 0.6 (0.4 to 0.9) | 0.13 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.8 (0.7 to 1) | 1.4 (1.1 to 2.3) |  < 0.0001 |
WBC (109/L) | 8.7 (6.2 to 11.9) | 10.9 (7.7 to 14.9) | 0.0002 |
Neutrophil:Lymphocyte | 8.9 (5.7 to 14.9) | 14.9 (8.8 to 27.3) |  < 0.0001 |
PTT (s) | 28.7 (26 to 32) | 33 (28.3 to 45.1) |  < 0.0001 |
CRP (mg/L) | 54.3 (13.7 to 129) | 108 (21 to 169) | 0.01 |
BNP (pg/mL) | 71 (32 to 177) | 563 (174 to 1477) |  < 0.0001 |
Biomarkers (median (IQR)) | Â | Â | Â |
SARS-CoV-2 viral antigen protein (pg/mL) | 732 (81 to 5,918) | 1,358 (123 to 13,784) | 0.01 |
Protein C (% normal) | 118 (95 to 140) | 89 (66 to 109) |  < 0.0001 |
PAI-1 (ng/mL) | 6.5 (4.4 to 9.3) | 6.6 (4.7 to 13.3) | 0.17 |
ICAM-1 (pg/mL) | 660,243 (424,368 to 940,689) | 724,537 (485,815 to 921,318) | 0.44 |
sTNFR-1 (pg/mL) | 2,492 (1,851 to 3,259) | 4,757 (3,605 to 6,627) |  < 0.0001 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 15.5 (6.3 to 61.2) | 28.9 (12.8 to 72.7) |  < 0.0001 |
IL-8 (pg/mL) | 11.4 (7.0 to 17.7) | 14.8 (8.8 to 26.5) | 0.0002 |
Ang-2 (pg/mL) | 1,616 (1,035 to 2,552) | 3,142 (1,948 to 5,272) |  < 0.0001 |
sRAGE (pg/mL) | 5,965 (3,272 to 10,643) | 12,323 (7,368 to 18,280) |  < 0.0001 |
IP-10 (pg/mL) | 394 (175 to 646) | 850 (364 to 1,870) |  < 0.0001 |
VEGF (pg/mL) | 42.7 (21.6 to 82.8) | 28.2 (15.7 to 52.2) | 0.0003 |
MMP-8 (pg/mL) | 2,239 (1,302 to 4,046) | 3,540 (1,990 to 6,337) |  < 0.0001 |
SP-D (pg/mL) | 15,883 (7,667 to 26,658) | 20,851 (9,970 to 38,126) | 0.005 |
Ang-1 (pg/mL) | 8,208 (4,875 to 15,454) | 5,745 (2,742 to 11,023) | 0.0001 |
IL-18 (pg/mL) | 401 (310 to 543) | 544 (412 to 703) |  < 0.0001 |
Variables not included in LCA model | |||
Time from symptom onset, days | 8.8 ± 3.7 | 9.0 ± 5.3 | 0.70 |
Dexamethasone ≥ 6 mg‡ | 282 (97%) | 105 (97%) | 0.99 |
Other COVID-19 treatments | Â | Â | Â |
Tocilizumab | 56 (19%) | 12 (11%) | 0.08 |
Convalescent plasma | 13 (5%) | 7 (7%) | 0.57 |
Inhaled nitric oxide | 24 (8%) | 12 (11%) | 0.48 |
Epoprostenol | 54 (19%) | 24 (22%) | 0.49 |
Neuromuscular blockade | 82 (28%) | 42 (39%) | 0.05 |
Baricitinib | 8 (3%) | 0 | 0.11 |
Investigational arm | Â | Â | 0.08 |
Apremilast | 20 (7%) | 11 (10%) | Â |
Aviptadil | 15 (5%) | 5 (5%) | Â |
Celecoxib/Famotidine | 16 (5%) | 2 (2%) | Â |
Cenicriviroc | 31 (11%) | 12 (11%) | Â |
Control | 101 (35%) | 41 (38%) | Â |
Cyclosporine | 9 (3%) | 0 | Â |
Cyproheptadine | 5 (2%) | 1 (1%) | Â |
IC14 | 30 (10%) | 10 (9%) | Â |
Icatibant | 24 (8%) | 14 (13%) | Â |
Narsoplimab | 19 (7%) | 3 (3%) | Â |
Pulmozyme | 18 (6%) | 3 (3%) | Â |
Razuprotafib | 4 (1%) | 6 (6%) | Â |
28-day mortality | 57 (20%) | 44 (41%) | < 0.0001 |
60-day mortality | 69 (24%) | 49 (45%) | < 0.0001 |