Box 1 Consensus statement and considerations for best practice interventions to promote cost-effectiveness in adult intensive care units

(1) Adoption of multidisciplinary patient care model

(2) Development and maintenance of staff competency, and audit

(3) Development of step-down units and long-term care units

(4) Organization of tele-ICU services to bring down ICU costs as well as support under-served areas

(5) Adoption of dynamic staff roster to accommodate even distribution according to workload

(6) Implementation of end-of-life (EOL) interventions

(7) Adoption of early mobilization

(8) An international consensus effort on the ‘Green ICU’ concept

(9) Implementation of audits to promote a culture of continuous quality improvement