Combination of serum and peritoneal 1.3-beta-d-glucan can rule out intra-abdominal candidiasis in surgical critically ill patients: a multicenter prospective study

Table 1 Critically ill patients clinical characteristics

Variables	IAC (n = 87)	No IAC (n = 112)	P value
Age (years)	67 [59–72]	64 [53–72]	0.26
Male sex	54 (62)	72 (64)	0.75
Body mass index (kg/m²)	26.2 [23.2–32.0]	25.9 [21.6–31.0]	0.38
Knaus score^a			0.26
A	16 (18)	12 (11)
B	51 (59)	68 (61)
C	20 (23)	32 (28)
McCabe score^b			0.58
1	47 (54)	53 (47)
2	34 (39)	52 (46)
3	6 (7)	7 (6)
Comorbidities
Cardiovascular	14 (16)	17 (15)	0.86
COPD	13 (15)	16 (14)	0.40
Chronic renal insufficiency^c	19 (22)	15 (13)	0.13
Cirrhosis	4 (5)	11 (10)	0.17
Diabetes	17 (19)	29 (26)	0.29
Peptic ulcer	8 (9)	18 (16)	0.15
Malnutrition^d	60 (69)	65 (58)	0.11
Immunocompromised^e	34 (39)	43 (38)	0.92
ICU data
Admission SAPS II score	49 [35–62]	50 [35–60]	0.91
IAC diagnosis SOFA score	6.5 [4–9]	6 [4–9]	0.66
Septic shock (Sepsis 3)	56 (64)	68 (61)	0.60
Norepinephrine infusion	70 (80)	82 (73)	0.19
Invasive mechanical ventilation > 48 h	36 (51)	47 (42)	0.93
Renal replacement therapy	23 (41)	19 (26)	0.08
ICU mortality	14 (16)	13 (12)	0.36
Peritonitis data
Peritonitis score ≥ 3	54 (62)	52 (46)	0.03
Post-operative peritonitis	50 (57)	54 (48)	0.19
Site of origin			0.73
Infra mesocolic	48 (55)	59 (53)
Supra mesocolic	39 (45)	53 (47)
Mechanism			0.10
Perforation	47 (54)	65 (59)
Necrosis	13 (15)	25 (22)
Anastomosis leakage	27 (31)	21 (19)
Generalized peritonitis	45 (52)	45 (41)	0.11
Presence of bacteria	63 (72)	76 (68)	0.49
Confounding factors
Antibiotic > 72 h prior to surgery	41 (47)	30 (27)	0.003
Albumin perfusion prior to surgery	15 (17)	13 (12)	0.26
Transfusion prior to surgery	18 (21)	23 (21)	0.98
Candida colonisation^f prior to surgery	8 (9)	8 (7)	0.60

Results expressed as n (%) and median [IQR]
COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, IAC intra-abdominal candidiasis, ICU intensive care unit, RRT renal replacement therapy, SAPS II Simplified Acute Physiological Score, SOFA Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score
^aKnaus score [28]: class A (Normal health status)—B (Moderate activity limitation)—C (Severe activity limitation due to chronic disease)—D (Bedridden patient).
^bMcCabe score [29]: class 1 (Nonfatal disease)—2 (Ultimately fatal disease)—3 (Rapidly fatal disease)
^cChronic renal insufficiency: defined as an estimated glomerular filtration rate < 60 mL/min/1.73 m²
^dMalnutrition: based on phenotype and etiology criteria from the ESPEN GLIM recommendations [30]
^eImmunocompromised: active cancer (solid tumour or haematological malignancy), organ transplant or bone marrow transplant, systemic and/or immune disease requiring immunosuppressed therapy, receiving one or more immunosuppressed therapy(ies) more than three months.
^fCandida colonization: isolation of Candida in cultures obtained from ≥ 2 of the following: respiratory tract secretions, stool, skin, wound sites, urines, and drains that have been in place ≤ 24 h [1]

ISSN: 1364-8535