Fig. 1

Classification system of drug-induced kidney injury based on functional and damage biomarkers suggested by Ostermann et al. [10]. Since most experts prefer the term “damage” to “injury” for describing the pathology and pathophysiology of AKI induced by different etiologies such as medications, we have replaced “injury” with “damage” in the title of each DIKD category introduced primarily by the ADQI expert group [10]. Drug or drug class examples for each category have been provided just to clarify more this classification system of DIKD. Listed medications are only examples of each category, and they should not be considered all-inclusive. In the presence of susceptibility factors, medications belonging to “neither dysfunction nor damage group” can move to other categories. This is also true for the “dysfunction without damage” and “damage without dysfunction” categories. Arrows depict the possible movements between categories. The movement of a given patient at a specific time course from the “damage without dysfunction” category to the “dysfunction without damage” category or vice versa makes no sense from pharmacological and clinical perspectives. The bidirectional arrows mean that both the progression and recovery of DIKD are possible in certain categories