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Table 1 Patient Demographics and ECMO Variables for ECMO-associated Ischemic or Hemorrhagic Stroke

From: Epidemiology of ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke in venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Variable

Ischemic stroke (n = 659)

No ischemic stroke (n = 19,638)

p value

Hemorrhagic stroke (n = 287)

No Hemorrhagic stroke (n = 20,010)

p value

Age (years)

58.1 (46.4–65.4)

57.5 (45.3–66.2)

0.61

57.9 (46.1–65.6)

57.5 (45.3–66.2)

0.82

Female

234 (36%)f

6,310 (32%)g

0.09

114 (40%)h

6430 (32%)i

0.01

Center volume per year

19 (8–32)

18 (9–31)

0.50

20 (9–32)

18 (9–31)

0.50

Aortic cannulation

129 (20%)

3696 (19%)

0.66

49 (17%)

3776 (19%)

0.49

Year of ECMO

 2012

20 (3%)

581 (3%)

0.35

10 (3%)

591 (3%)

0.17

 2013

25 (4%)

718 (4%)

16 (6%)

727 (4%)

 2014

27 (4%)

1001 (5%)

12 (4%)

1016 (5%)

 2015

51 (8%)

1352 (7%)

15 (5%)

1388 (7%)

 2016

55 (8%)

1716 (9%)

21 (7%)

1750 (9%)

 2017

59 (9%)

2365 (12%)

24 (8%)

2400 (12%)

 2018

100 (15%)

2726 (14%)

34 (12%)

2792 (14%)

 2019

123 (19%)

3249 (17%)

55 (19%)

3317 (17%)

 2020

96 (15%)

2975 (15%)

51 (18%)

3020 (15%)

 2021

103 (16%)

2955 (15%)

49 (17%)

3009 (15%)

Pre-ECMO ABG

 pH (2012–2016)a

7.25 (7.12–7.35)f

7.30 (7.19–7.39)g

0.002

7.25 (7.13–7.32)h

7.30 (7.19–7.39)i

0.004

 pH (2017–2021)b

7.28 (7.17–7.37)f

7.30 (7.21–7.39)g

0.0002

7.29 (7.20–7.36)h

7.30 (7.21–7.39)i

0.04

 PaO2 (2012–2016)a

95 (59–216)f

96 (64–197)g

0.35

97 (68–159)h

96 (64–197)i

0.32

 PaO2 (2017–2021)b

100 (68–254)f

116 (74–232)g

0.63

107 (76–218)h

116 (74–233)i

0.25

 PaCO2 (2012–2016)a

41 (31–53)f

40 (32.5–49.1)g

0.79

38 (30–45)h

40 (32.4–49.5)i

0.01

 PaCO2 (2017–2021)b

41 (35–50.8)f

40 (33.8–48.7)g

0.04

39 (32–48)h

40 (33.9–48.8)i

0.60

ABG at 24-h post-cannulation

 pH (2012–2017)c

7.42 (7.38–7.45)f

7.42 (7.38–7.47)g

0.50

7.41 (7.36–7.45)h

7.42 (7.38–7.47)i

0.18

 pH (2018–2021)d

7.43 (7.37–7.47)f

7.43 (7.38–7.47)g

0.29

7.43 (7.39–7.48)h

7.43 (7.38–7.47)i

0.09

 PaO2 (2012–2017)c

149 (92–254)f

143 (94–238)g

0.62

157 (91–299)h

143 (94–238)i

0.15

 PaO2 (2018–2021)d

132 (88–270)f

134 (91–222)g

0.08

129 (86–207)h

134 (91–224)i

0.81

 PaCO2 (2012–2017)c

38 (33–41.4)f

38 (31–41)g

0.03

38.5 (33–42.8)h

38 (33–42)i

0.96

 PaCO2 (2018–2021)d

38 (33.8–42)f

38 (33.8–42)g

0.66

38 (34–43)h

38 (33.8–42)i

0.84

 Blood pump flow rate (2018–2021)d

3.84 (3.28–4.47)f

3.88 (3.20–4.41)g

0.51

3.92 (3.20–4.45)h

3.88 (3.20–4.41)i

0.49

Days on ECMO support

6.17 (3.71–10.04)

4.75 (2.71–7.67)

 < 0.0001

6.33 (3.71–10.81)

4.79 (2.71–7.71)

 < 0.0001

Timing of stroke (days) (2018–2021)

3.04 (1.29–6.29)f

N/A

N/A

3.79 (1.25–6.88)

N/A

N/A

Mortality

 90-Day mortality

427 (65%)

7123 (36%)

 < 0.0001

206 (72%)

7344 (37%)

 < 0.0001

 30-Day mortality

411 (62%)

6339 (32%)

 < 0.0001

195 (68%)

6555 (33%)

 < 0.0001

ECMO complications

 Cardiac arrhythmia

129 (20%)

2112 (11%)

 < 0.0001

52 (18%)

2189 (11%)

0.0002

 CPB

166 (25%)

4172 (21%)

0.02

54 (19%)

4284 (21%)

0.32

 Brain death (2018–2021)e

9 (2%)

42 (0.4%)

 < 0.0001

7 (4%)

44 (0.4%)

 < 0.0001

 Gastrointestinal hemorrhage

48 (7%)

601 (3%)

 < 0.0001

27 (9%)

622 (3%)

 < 0.0001

 Hemolysis (Moderate-Severe)

22 (3%)

261 (1%)

 < 0.0001

7 (2%)

276 (1%)

0.21

 Neurosurgical Intervention (2018–2021)e

5 (1%)

8 (0.07%)

 < 0.0001

8 (4%)

5 (0.04%)

 < 0.0001

 Pump failure

7 (1%)

100 (0.5%)

0.10

4 (1%)

103 (0.5%)

0.10

 Renal replacement therapy

237 (36%)

4509 (23%)

 < 0.0001

94 (33%)

4652 (23%)

0.0002

  1. All data are presented as n (%) for categorical variables, and median (interquartile range) for continuous variables
  2. Bolded text: Statistically significant with p < 0.05
  3. aWorst” values
  4. bClosest” value to ECMO start time
  5. cBest” values
  6. dClosest” value to post-cannulation 24-h of ECMO
  7. eUsed sample size of patients in years 2018–2021 as denominator
  8. fMissing values for variables in the “Ischemic Stroke” group: Sex (n = 3), pre-ECMO pH (n = 175), pre-ECMO PaO2 (n = 188), pre-ECMO PaCO2 (n = 182), 24-h pH (n = 43), 24-h PaO2 (n = 53), 24-h PaCO2 (n = 52), 24-h blood pump flow rate (n = 36), timing of stroke (n = 9)
  9. gMissing values for variables in the “No Ischemic Stroke” group: Sex (n = 176), pre-ECMO pH (n = 4995), pre-ECMO PaO2 (n = 5584), pre-ECMO PaCO2 (n = 5503), 24-h pH (n = 2644), 24-h PaO2 (n = 3247), 24-hr PaCO2 (n = 3207), 24-h blood pump flow rate (n = 1786)
  10. hMissing values for variables in the “Hemorrhagic Stroke” group: pre-ECMO pH (n = 65), pre-ECMO PaO2 (n = 70), pre-ECMO PaCO2 (n = 68), 24-h-pH (n = 30), 24-h PaO2 (n = 34), 24-h PaCO2 (n = 35), 24-h blood pump flow rate (n = 23)
  11. iMissing values for variables in the “No Hemorrhagic Stroke” group: Sex (n = 179), pre-ECMO pH (n = 5105), pre-ECMO PaO2 (n = 5702), pre-ECMO PaCO2 (n = 5617), 24-h pH (n = 2657), 24-h PaO2 (n = 3266), 24-h PaCO2 (n = 3224), 24-h blood pump flow rate (n = 1999); ABG: arterial blood gas; CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; N/A: not applicable
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Critical Care

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