Table 4 The results of GLLM analysis for muscle strength comparison among the four groups

MRC score^a

 RT group

47.71 ± 4.42

52.28 ± 6.40

4.724(0.421–9.027)^*

57.59 ± 4.09

7.519(3.424–11.614)^***

 HMB group

45.07 ± 7.09

47.86 ± 7.09

0.288(-4.017–4.593)

52.16 ± 6.73

2.074(-2.024–6.171)

 Combination group

47.17 ± 6.38

52.41 ± 5.45

4.819(0.516–9.121)^*

56.04 ± 4.87

5.926(1.832–10.020)^**

 Control group

46.82 ± 7.17

47.73 ± 12.29

Reference

50.25 ± 12.6

Reference

 F

0.90

2.992

5.505

 P

0.441

0.031

0.001

ICU-AW^b

 RT group

14(50.0)

8(28.6)

0.182(-0.091–0.455)

2(7.1)

0.245(-0.049–0.538)

 HMB group

17(60.7)

15(53.6)

−0.092(−0.349–0.165)

9(32.1)

−0.072(−0.362–0.219)

 Combination group

18(64.3)

7(25.0)

0.191(−0.081–0.463)

3(10.7)

0.169(−0.114–0.452)

 Control group

14(50.0)

11(39.3)

Reference

6(21.4)

Reference

 F

0.548

2.191

1.633

 P

0.650

0.089

0.182

Handgrip^c

 RT group

16.81 ± 4.21

22.50 ± 8.23

6.254(1.435–11.073)^*

25.7 ± 9.20

7.123(2.221–12.025)^**

 HMB group

13.33 ± 9.20

16.74 ± 7.81

0.446(−4.423–5.315)

18.68 ± 8.01

0.061(−4.892–5.014)

 Combination group

15.95 ± 6.20

20.98 ± 8.24

4.873(0.056–9.691)^*

23.81 ± 7.49

5.373(0.473–10.274)^*

 Control group

14.01 ± 10.48

16.18 ± 12.10

Reference

18.5 ± 12.28

Reference

 F

1.228

3.267

4.286

 P

0.299

0.022

0.006