Table 1 Patient characteristics

Centre [N(%)]

 1

46(41.1)

11(39.3)

9(32.1)

4(50.0)

12(42.9)

 2

25(22.3)

6(21.4)

6(21.4)

7(25.0)

6(21.4)

 3

23(20.5)

5(17.9)

6(21.4)

7(14.3)

8(28.6)

 4

2(1.8)

1(3.6)

1(3.6)

0(0)

0(0)

 5

16(14.3)

5(17.9)

6(21.4)

3(10.7)

2(7.1)

Age [years]

59.87 ± 15.81

55.44 ± 15.63

62.68 ± 14.29

60.04 ± 14.95

61.18 ± 18.04

Male [N(%)]

88(78.57)

23(82.14)

23(82.14)

22(78.57)

20(71.43)

BMI [kg/m², N (%)]

22.82 ± 4.20(rang13.67 to 38.74)

23.0 ± 3.92(rang 16.14 to 31.14)

23.01 ± 4.76(rang 14.79 to 38.74)

22.49 ± 3.19(rang 15.94 to 27.68)

22.77 ± 4.91(rang 13.67 to 33.27)

  < 18.5

16(14.3)

4(14.3)

3(10.7)

3(10.7)

6(21.4)

 18.5–24.9

65(58.0)

16(57.1)

17(60.7)

18(64.3)

14(50.0)

 25–29.9

25(22.3)

6(21.4)

6(21.4)

7(25.0)

6(21.4)

  ≥ 30

6(5.4)

2(7.1)

2(7.1)

0(0)

2(7.1)

Education [N(%)]

 Illiterate or semi-literate

21(18.8)

6(21.4)

6(21.4)

5(17.9)

4(14.3)

 Elementary School

31(27.7)

6(21.4)

5(17.9)

8(28.6)

12(42.9)

 Junior to senior high school

46(41.1)

14(50.0)

13(46.4)

13(46.4)

6(21.4)

 College diploma or above

14(12.5)

2(7.1)

4(14.3)

2(7.1)

6(21.4)

Work prior to admission

 None

12(10.7)

2(7.1)

2(7.1)

6(21.4)

2(7.1)

 Physical labour

29(25.9)

10(35.7)

5(17.9)

5(17.9)

9(32.1)

 Non-physical labour

71(63.4)

16(57.1)

21(75.0)

17(60.7)

17(60.7)

 Smoking [N(%)]

48(42.9)

11(39.3)

15(53.6)

11(39.3)

11(39.3)

 Drinking [N(%)]

46(41.4)

16(57.1)

11(39.3)

10(35.7)

9(33.3)

 Length of stay prior to ICU [days, M(Q₂₅,Q₇₅)]

0(0,2.0)

0(0,1.0)

0(0,2.75)

0.5(0,3.0)

0(0,2.0)

ICU Patient Sources [N(%)]

 Emergency

54(48.2)

13(46.4)

14(50.0)

8(28.6)

19(67.9)

 General ward

30(26.8)

6(21.4)

8(28.6)

11(39.3)

5(17.9)

 Post-operation

4(3.6)

2(7.1)

0(0)

2(7.1)

0(0)

 Transferred from another hospital

24(21.4)

7(25.0)

6(21.4)

7(25.0)

4(14.3)

 Plan to be transferred to ICU [N(%)]

7(6.3)

4(14.3)

0(0)

2(7.1)

1(3.6)

Diagnosis [N(%)]

 Acute and chronic lung diseases

46(41.1)

7(25.0)

11(39.3)

11(39.3)

14(60.7)

 Sepsis

25(22.3)

7(25.0)

8(28.6)

6(21.4)

4(14.3)

 Chronic kidney disease

7(6.3)

3(10.7)

0(0)

2(7.1)

2(7.1)

 Acute Pancreatitis

8(7.1)

4(14.3)

1(3.6)

1(3.6)

2(7.1)

 Others

26(23.2)

7(25.0)

8(28.6)

8(28.6)

3(10.7)

Complications [N(%)]

 Respiratory failure

55(49.1)

9(32.1)

16(57.1)

13(46.4)

17(60.7)

 Heart failure

19(17.0)

2(7.1)

7(25.0)

4(14.3)

6(21.4)

 Sepsis

30(26.8%

7(25.0)

9(32.1)

7(25.0)

7(25.0)

 Multiple organ failure

8(7.1)

0(0)

5(17.9)

1(3.6)

2(7.1)

Charlson Comorbidity Index [M(Q₂₅,Q₇₅)]

3.0(2.0,5.0)

2.0(2.0,3.75)

3.5(2.0,5.0)

4.0(2.0,5.0)

3.0(3.0,5.0)

Oxygenation index at admission [M(Q₂₅,Q₇₅)]

245.0(178.0,317.50)

238.0(179.0,363.25)

281.50(168.25,306.25)

245.0(177.25,307.50)

246.0(182.25,315.0)

APACHEII [M (Q₂₅, Q₇₅)]

16.0(12.0,23.0)

13.50(9.50,21.75)

15.0(10.25,20.50)

20.0(15.25,25.75)

15.0(12.25,22.75)

SOFA [M (Q₂₅, Q₇₅)]

6.0(4.0,8.0)

6.0(3.25,7.0)

6.0(2.50,9.75)

6.0(4.0,8.75)

5.0(4.0,6.0)

NRS2002[M (Q₂₅, Q₇₅)]

3.0(3.0,4.0)

3.0(3.0,4.0)

3.0(3.0,4.75)

4.0(3.0,4.0)

4.0(3.0,4.0)

NUTRIC

4.32 ± 1.98

3.78 ± 1.95

4.43 ± 1.81

4.86 ± 2.00

4.19 ± 2.06

Length of ICU stay [days, M (Q₂₅, Q₇₅)]

6.50(4.0,12.0)

5.0(3.0,9.75)

9.0(4.0,17.75)

6.0(3.0,9.0)

7.5(5.0,14.0)

Endotracheal intubation [N(%)]

34(30.9)

9(32.1)

8(30.8)

8(28.6)

9(32.1)

Duration of mechanical ventilation [h, M (Q₂₅, Q₇₅)]

0(0,41.0)

0(0,7.0)

0(0,30.0)

0(0,34.75)

0(0,116.75)

60-Day Mortality [N(%)]

9(8.0)

0(0)

3(10.7)

3(10.7)

3(10.7)

Length of hospital stay [days, M (Q₂₅, Q₇₅)]

15.0(11.0,27.25)

14.0(9.25,19.50)

21.0(11.25,34.75)

15.50(13,23.75)

14.0(10.0,36.50)

Length of hospital stay after ICU [days, M (Q₂₅, Q₇₅)]

14.0(9.0,22.75)

13.0(8.25,19.25)

13.5(10.25,24.25)

14.0(10.50,22.25)

13.50(7.25,28.25)

Duration of ICU stay prior to the study [days, M (Q₂₅, Q₇₅)]

2.0(2.0,5.0)

2.0(1.0,7.0)

3.0(2.0,8.0)

2.0(1.25,3.0)

2.50(2.0,5.75)