Table 2 Baseline characteristics of the included patients
|  | No disturbance (n = 1495) | Agitated (n = 225) | Non-agitated (n = 544) | Combined (n = 667) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 63.1 (51.1–73.2) | 55.2 (42.3–67.3) | 68.1 (56.6–78.0) | 63.5 (49.4–74.3) | < 0.001 |
Male gender—no. (%) | 873 (58.6) | 146 (65.2) | 332 (61.0) | 413 (61.9) | 0.175 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 28.3 (24.5–33.2) | 27.9 (24.4–32.0) | 27.5 (22.8–32.3) | 27.1 (23.2–31.8) | 0.369 |
APACHE III | 44 (33–58) | 50 (34–66) | 57 (43–71) | 61 (46–77) | < 0.001 |
ANZROD | 1.8 (0.6–5.7) | 3.0 (0.9–9.1) | 4.5 (1.4–16.1) | 7.0 (2.2–20.3) | < 0.001 |
Type of admission—no. (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Medical | 709 (47.4) | 144 (64.0) | 328 (60.3) | 447 (67.0) |  |
 Elective surgery | 460 (30.8) | 34 (15.1) | 108 (19.9) | 83 (12.4) |  |
 Urgency surgery | 326 (21.8) | 47 (20.9) | 108 (19.9) | 137 (20.5) |  |
Planned admission—no. (%) | 514 (34.4) | 46 (20.4) | 121 (22.2) | 112 (16.8) | < 0.001 |
MET call admission—no. (%) | 244 (16.3) | 37 (16.4) | 121 (22.2) | 137 (20.5) | 0.007 |
Cardiac arrest—no. (%) | 24 (1.6) | 7 (3.1) | 7 (1.3) | 22 (3.3) | 0.025 |
Acute renal failure—no. (%) | 16 (1.1) | 8 (3.6) | 11 (2.0) | 35 (5.3) | < 0.001 |
Admission diagnosis—no. (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Cardiovascular | 486 (32.5) | 59 (26.2) | 136 (25.0) | 155 (23.2) |  |
 Gastrointestinal | 258 (17.3) | 30 (13.3) | 93 (17.1) | 119 (17.8) |  |
 Gynaecological | 6 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) |  |
 Haematological | 22 (1.5) | 0 (0.0) | 6 (1.1) | 2 (0.3) |  |
 Metabolic | 91 (6.1) | 29 (12.9) | 25 (4.6) | 62 (9.3) |  |
 Musculoskeletal | 47 (3.1) | 0 (0.0) | 8 (1.5) | 13 (1.9) |  |
 Neurological | 84 (5.6) | 21 (9.3) | 64 (11.8) | 102 (15.3) |  |
 Renal and genitourinary | 98 (6.6) | 6 (2.7) | 29 (5.3) | 20 (3.0) |  |
 Respiratory | 219 (14.6) | 45 (20.0) | 69 (12.7) | 100 (15.0) |  |
 Sepsis | 145 (9.7) | 28 (12.4) | 90 (16.5) | 62 (9.3) |  |
 Trauma | 39 (2.6) | 6 (2.7) | 24 (4.4) | 31 (4.6) |  |
ICU source of admission—no. (%) |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 Emergency department | 362 (24.2) | 86 (38.2) | 151 (27.8) | 214 (32.1) |  |
 Operating room | 778 (52.0) | 81 (36.0) | 215 (39.5) | 218 (32.7) |  |
 Other hospital (not ICU) | 119 (8.0) | 17 (7.6) | 49 (9.0) | 65 (9.7) |  |
 Other hospital ICU | 13 (0.9) | 4 (1.8) | 7 (1.3) | 32 (4.8) |  |
Ward | 221 (14.8) | 35 (15.6) | 120 (22.1) | 136 (20.4) | Â |
 Other | 2 (0.1) | 2 (0.9) | 2 (0.4) | 2 (0.2) |  |
Co-existing disorders—no. (%) |  |  |  |  |  |
 Diabetes | 320 (21.4) | 37 (16.4) | 122 (22.4) | 144 (21.6) | 0.298 |
 Chronic lung disease | 190 (12.7) | 25 (11.1) | 82 (15.1) | 82 (12.3) | 0.380 |
 Chronic cardiovascular disease | 68 (4.5) | 7 (3.1) | 31 (5.7) | 39 (5.8) | 0.273 |
 Cirrhosis | 88 (5.9) | 14 (6.2) | 60 (11.0) | 79 (11.8) | < 0.001 |
 Chronic kidney disease | 157 (10.5) | 24 (10.7) | 85 (15.6) | 81 (12.1) | 0.019 |
 Chronic immune disease | 14 (0.9) | 2 (0.9) | 4 (0.7) | 11 (1.6) | 0.435 |
 Immunosuppression | 141 (9.4) | 22 (9.8) | 63 (11.6) | 58 (8.7) | 0.382 |
 Liver failure | 11 (0.7) | 4 (1.8) | 5 (0.9) | 7 (1.0) | 0.408 |
 Lymphoma | 14 (0.9) | 2 (0.9) | 14 (2.6) | 2 (0.3) | 0.003 |
 Metastatic cancer | 78 (5.2) | 10 (4.4) | 22 (4.0) | 17 (2.5) | 0.037 |
 Leukemia | 39 (2.6) | 4 (1.8) | 15 (2.8) | 16 (2.4) | 0.908 |
Organ support—no. (%) |  |  |  |  |  |
 ECMO | 2 (0.1) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.2) | 6 (0.9) | 0.039 |
 Vasopressor or inotropes | 588 (39.7) | 130 (57.8) | 248 (46.0) | 447 (67.6) | < 0.001 |
 Invasive ventilation | 544 (36.7) | 151 (67.1) | 216 (40.1) | 448 (67.7) | < 0.001 |
 Non-invasive ventilation | 87 (5.9) | 14 (6.2) | 40 (7.4) | 58 (8.8) | 0.093 |
 Renal replacement therapy | 32 (2.2) | 15 (6.7) | 32 (5.9) | 109 (16.5) | < 0.001 |
Laboratory tests | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 pH | 7.39 (7.35–7.43) | 7.38 (7.33–7.43) | 7.40 (7.35–7.44) | 7.38 (7.32–7.44) | 0.010 |
 PaO2/FiO2 | 319 (243–395) | 307 (210–376) | 301 (223–372) | 264 (164–357) | < 0.001 |
 PaCO2 (mmHg) | 40 (35–45) | 40 (35–45) | 39 (35–44) | 40 (35–46) | 0.153 |
 Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.9 (1.3–2.8) | 2.4 (1.6–3.7) | 2.2 (1.6–3.3) | 2.4 (1.7–3.7) | < 0.001 |
 Highest creatinine (µmol/L) | 85.0 (67.0–122.0) | 83.0 (65.5–121.0) | 103.0 (74.8–158.2) | 101.0 (68.0–167.0) | < 0.001 |
 Lowest platelet, × 109/L | 184 (131–253) | 181 (134–258) | 171 (116–246) | 173 (115–239) | 0.001 |
Vital signs | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Lowest MAP (mmHg) | 66 (61–73) | 66 (59–71) | 64 (58–72) | 64 (59–70) | < 0.001 |
 Highest RR (breaths/min) | 20 (18–25) | 20 (17–26) | 22 (18–28) | 20 (17–25) | < 0.001 |
 Highest temperature (°C) | 37.2 (36.7–37.5) | 37.1 (36.6–37.6) | 37.2 (36.7–37.6) | 37.3 (36.8–37.8) | 0.002 |
 Urine output (mL) | 1527 (1080–2100) | 1570 (1142–2184) | 1480 (1055–2053) | 1490 (1010–2175) | 0.193 |