Table 1 General characteristics of included trials by non-pharmacological intervention evaluated
Characteristics | Total | GDP | RIPc | Pulsatile flow during CPB | MECC | Restrictive transfusion strategy | Epidural analgesia | Tight glycemic control | KDIGO care | High- Target arterial pressure | Hyperoxia during CPB |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of RCTs, n | 86 | 2 | 31 | 10 | 14 | 6 | 4 | 10 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
Number of participants, n | 25 855 | 601 | 7738 | 1993 | 1617 | 8289 | 903 | 2753 | 662 | 577 | 722 |
Median (IQR) | 114 (78–245) | 300 (287–313) | 100 (71–190) | 134 (89–219) | 85 (68–118) | 609 (243––680) | 94 (75–244) | 122 (96–197) | 276 (192–277) | 195 (142–243) | 298 (199–311) |
Event rates, n (%) | |||||||||||
Intervention | 2422 (19) | 44 (15) | 855 (22) | 121 (12) | 46 (6) | 956 (23) | 18 (4) | 53 (4) | 142 (44) | 53 (18) | 134 (37) |
Control | 2660 ((20) | 84 (27) | 932 (24) | 194 (19) | 67 (8) | 944 (22) | 20 (4) | 76 (5) | 162 (48) | 42 (15) | 139 (38) |
Publication year, median (IQR) | 2015 (2011–2018) | 2019 (2018–2020) | 2015 (2013–2017) | 2011 (2009–2012) | 2014 (2008–2016) | 2016 (2013–2017) | 2012 (2009–2013) | 2014 (2010–2019) | 2017 (2017–2019) | 2018 (2016–2018) | 2019 (2017–2020) |
Location, n (%) | |||||||||||
Europe | 43 (50) | – | 12 (38) | 8 (72) | 11 (78) | 2 (33) | 3 (75) | – | 3 (100) | 3 (100) | 1 (33) |
North America | 7 (8) | – | 2 (6) | – | – | 2 (33) | – | 3 (30) | – | – | – |
Asia | 26 (30) | 1 (50) | 15 (48) | 2 (18) | 3 (21) | – | 1 (25) | 3 (30) | – | – | 1 (33) |
Other | 10(11) | 1 (50) | 2 (6) | – | – | 2 (33) | – | 4 (40) | – | – | 1 (33) |
Study design, n (%) | |||||||||||
Superiority | 53 (61) | 2 (100) | 24 (77) | 5 (45) | 5 (35) | 3 (50) | 2 (50) | 5 (50) | 2 (67) | 2 (67) | 3 (100) |
Non-inferiority | 4 (5) | – | – | – | – | 2 (40) | – | 1 (10) | 1 (33) | – | – |
Recruitment, n (%) | |||||||||||
Single center | 69 (80) | 1 (50) | 26 (84) | 10 (100) | 14 (100) | 2 (33) | 3 (75) | 8 (80) | 2 (67) | 3 (100) | – |
Multicenter | 17 (20) | 1 (50) | 5 (16) | – | 4 (67) | 1 (25) | 2 (20) | 1 (33) | – | 3 (100) | |
Funding source, n (%) | |||||||||||
Public | 30 (35) | – | 16 (51) | – | 3 (21) | 2 (33) | – | 3 (30) | 1 (33) | 3 (100) | 2 (66) |
Private | 4 (5) | – | 1 (3) | – | 1 (7) | 1 (16) | – | 1 (10) | – | – | – |
Mixed | 7 (8) | 1 (50) | 2 (6) | – | 1 (7) | 1 (16) | – | 1 (10) | 1 (33) | – | – |
Cardiopulmonary bypass, n (%) | |||||||||||
On-pump | 74 (86) | 2 (100) | 25 (80) | 10 (100) | 14 (100) | 5 (84) | 1 (25) | 8 (80) | 3 (100) | 3 (100) | 3 (100) |
Off-Pump | 5 (6) | – | 4 (12) | _ | – | 1 (25) | – | – | – | ||
Both | 7 (8) | – | 2 (8) | _ | – | 1 (16) | 2 (50) | 2 (20) | – | – | – |
Surgical procedure, n (%) | |||||||||||
CABG | 36 (42) | – | 10 (33) | 8 (72) | 11 (78) | – | 1 (25) | 5 (50) | – | – | 1 (33) |
Valve replacement | 8 (9) | – | 6 (20) | – | 2 (14) | – | – | – | – | – | – |
CABG or valve replacement | 4 (5) | – | 2 (6) | 2 (18) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Valve replacement or combined | 2 (2) | – | 1 (3) | – | 1 (7) | – | – | – | – | ||
Combined | 2 (2) | – | 1 (3) | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1 (33) | – |
All | 33 (38) | 2 (100) | 10 (30) | – | – | 6 (100) | 3 (75) | 5 (50) | 3 (100) | 2 (67) | 2 (67) |
Aortic arch replacement | 1 (1) | – | 1 (3) | – | – | – | – | – | |||
AKI definition, n (%) | |||||||||||
KDIGO | 17 (20) | 1 (50) | 7 (22) | – | – | 2 (33) | – | 1 (10) | 3 (100) | – | 3 (100) |
AKIN | 23 (27) | 1 (50) | 14 (45) | 1 (9) | 5 (35) | 1 (16) | 1 (25) | – | – | – | – |
RIFLE | 6 (7) | – | 3 (9) | – | 1 (7) | 1 (16) | – | – | – | 1 (33) | – |
Creatinine level increased | 25 (29) | – | 4 (13) | 6 (64) | 5 (35) | 1 (16) | 3 (75) | 4 (40) | – | 2 (67) | – |
RRT | 3 (4) | – | – | – | 1 (7) | – | – | 2 (20) | – | – | – |
Not reported | 12 (14) | – | 3 (9) | 3 (27) | 2 (14) | 1 (16) | – | 3 (30) | – | – | – |