Table 2 Patient demographics and clinical characteristics for unfavorable (GOSE 1–4) and favorable (GOSE 5–8) outcome groups at 3 and 12 months

Sex (male/female)

30/5

6/3

0.42

11/3

13/2

0.82

Age (mean ± SD)

55.4 ± 20.4

40.5 ± 21.0

0.03

52.0 ± 18.7

38 ± 19.8

0.06

Weight (mean ± SD)

88.5 ± 19.5

76.4 ± 21.1

0.08

81.7 ± 22.6

79.3 ± 16.1

0.75

Injury severity score (ISS) (mean ± SD)

56.4 ± 22.6

35.1 ± 12.6

 < 0.01

35.5 ± 12.5

36.4 ± 12.5

0.81

Admission-type

 ER

 ICU

13 (37.1%)

21 (60%)

2 (22.2%)

7 (77.7%)

0.36

4 (28.5%)

10 (71.4%)

4 (26.6%)

11 (73.3%)

0.58

Hypoxia (yes/no) *

8/22

0/9

0.07

3/8

1/14

0.38

Intubated (yes/no) *

21/13

7/2

0.61

11/3

10/5

0.77

Hypotension (yes/no) *

5/25

1/7

0.98

2/10

2/13

0.64

Paralytic-AGT (yes/No) *

16/17

6/1

0.40

6/7

9/4

0.32

Loss consciousness*

25/4

5/2

0.30

13/0

8/2

0.48

Location of injury ^ŧ

0.70

0.52

Type of injury ^ŧ

0.24

0.21

 GCS (total) (mean ± SD)

5.3 ± 2.17

5.3 ± 2.5

0.95

4.5 ± 1.9

5.8 ± 2.3

0.11

 GCS-motor

 GCS-eye (mean ± SD)

 GCS-verbal

2.9 ± 1.9

1.5 ± 1.1

1.0 ± 0.75

2.4 ± 2.2

1.0 ± 0.0

1.1 ± 0.78

0.54

0.14

0.94

2.28 ± 2.0

1.4 ± 0.99

0.71 ± 0.48

2.7 ± 2.1

1.6 ± 1.3

1.13 ± 0.74

0.57

0.68

0.08

 GCS 3–4

 GCS 5–6 (mean ± SD)

 GCS 7–8

15 (42.5%)

6 (14.1%)

14 (40%)

5 (55.5%)

0

4 (44.4%)

0.80

9 (64.2%)

1 (7.1%)

4 (28.5%)

6 (40%)

1 (6.6%)

8 (53.3%)

0.62

CT findings**

  Diffuse axonal injury

  Mid shift

  Skull fracture

  Cerebral edema

 Contusion

 Intracranial hemorrhage

  Epidural hemorrhage

  Subdural hemorrhage

  Arachnoid hemorrhage

 Marshall score

 I

 II

 III

 IV

 V

5/20

6/18

209/6

6/20

14/12

18/8

3/23

20/6

22/4

0

17

4

3

2

0/7

4/3

3/4

0/7

2/5

3/4

0/7

5/2

5/2

0

3

1

0

3

0.57

0.41

0.30

0.24

0.33

0.53

0.62

0.34

0.37

0.19

2/7

4/4

7/2

3/6

3/6

5/4

7/2

8/2

6/3

0

4

1

3

1

2/11

6/7

9/4

2/11

7/6

8/5

9/4

8/4

8/5

0

6

2

1

4

0.62

0.16

0.52

0.49

0.47

0.63

0.11

0.86

0.16

0.37