Table 1 Patient characteristics in each quintile in order of estimated individual treatment effects, derivation cohort

Patient demographics

Age*

64 (53–69)

68 (58–76)

76 (70–82)

78 (71–84)

79 (71–84)

Female sex, n (%)*

156 (40%)

164 (43%)

168 (44%)

164 (43%)

165 (43%)

Infection site, n (%)

Lung

99 (25%)

101 (27%)

91 (24%)

99 (26%)

99 (26%)

Abdominal

104 (27%)

110 (29%)

126 (33%)

159 (42%)

143 (38%)

Blood culture positive, n (%)

288 (74%)

272 (72%)

304 (80%)

282 (74%)

284 (75%)

Patient severity

APACHE II score*

19 (14–25)

18 (14–23)

19 (15–23)

21 (17–25)

30 (23–37)

SOFA score*

8 (5–10)

7 (5–9)

7 (5–9)

8 (6–11)

12 (9–14)

Respiratory*

2 (1–3)

2 (1–3)

2 (1–3)

2 (1–3)

3 (2–3)

Coagulation*

0 (0–2)

0 (0–2)

1 (0–2)

1 (0–2)

1 (0–2)

Liver*

0 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

Cardiovascular*

1 (0–3)

2 (0–3)

2 (0–3)

2 (0–3)

3 (2–4)

Central nervous system*

1 (0–3)

1 (0–2)

1 (0–2)

1 (0–2)

3 (1–4)

Renal*

1 (0–2)

0 (0–1)

0 (0–1)

1 (0–2)

2 (1–3)

Laboratory tests

White blood cells [× 10³/μL]*

12 (6–22)

12 (6–19)

12 (6–17)

11 (5–16)

8 (3–16)

Platelet [× 10⁴/μL]*

15.0 (8.1–23.5)

14.9 (9.1–22.3)

14.0 (9.0–20.8)

13.8 (8.0–20.6)

10.3 (5.3–17.2)

PT-INR*

1.28 (1.13–1.44)

1.26 (1.12–1.42)

1.27 (1.15–1.46)

1.33 (1.18–1.51)

1.50 (1.29–1.85)

Fibrinogen [mg/dL]*

487 (366–650)

441 (346–553)

431 (341–524)

406 (277–499)

310 (185–426)

FDP [μg/mL]*

22 (12–33)

20 (11–29)

20 (11–31)

23 (14–40)

36 (18–66)

Lactate [mmol/L]*

2.3 (1.5–3.3)

2.3 (1.5–3.3)

2.3 (1.6–3.5)

4.1 (2.2–5.9)

5.9 (4.4–8.2)

Treatment effects of PMX-HA on 28-day survival [95% CI]

− 4.9% [− 24% to + 14%]

− 0.0% [− 9.3% to + 9.2%]

 + 1.8% [− 6.5% to + 10%]

 + 8.8% [+ 0.1% to + 18%]

 + 21% [+ 11% to + 32%]