Table 1 Baseline characteristics and associations with the development of subcutaneous edema

Sex

 Female

57 (39.3)

45 (42.9)

12 (70.0)

Ref

 Male

88 (60.7)

60 (57.1)

28 (70.0)

1.750 (0.803–3.813)

Age (years)

 ≤ 60

41 (28.3)

30 (28.6)

11 (27.5)

Ref

 > 60

104 (71.7)

75 (71.4)

29 (72.5)

1.055 (0.468–2.378)

BMI

 < 18

17 (11.7)

12 (11.4)

5 (12.5)

Ref

 18–24

70 (48.3)

54 (51.4)

16 (40.0)

0.711 (0.218–2.321)

 24–28

41 (28.3)

27 (25.7)

14 (35.0)

1.244 (0.365–4.244)

 > 28

17 (11.7)

12 (11.4)

5 (12.5)

1.000 (0.229–4.373)

Diagnosis

 Respiration failure

38 (26.2)

28 (26.7)

10 (25.0)

2.440 (0.796–7.483)

1.880 (0.435–8.117)

 Abdominal infection

5 (3.4)

3 (2.9)

2 (5.0)

4.556 (0.627–33.118)

11.462 (0.517–254.176)

 Sepsis

32 (22.1)

11 (10.5)

21 (52.5)

13.045 (4.234–40.191)^*

24.681 (4.789–127.192)^*

 Cancer surgery

23 (15.9)

22 (21.0)

1 (2.5)

0.311 (0.035–2.746)

0.211 (0.017–2.554)

 Others

47 (32.4)

41 (39.0)

6 (15.0)

Ref

Ref

Heart dysfunction

 No

121 (83.4)

93 (88.6)

12 (30.0)

Ref

 Yes

24 (16.6)

12 (11.4)

28 (70.0)

3.321 (1.344–8.209)^*

Acute kidney injury

 No

106 (73.1)

86 (81.9)

20 (50.0)

Ref

 Yes

39 (26.9)

19 (18.1)

20 (50.0)

4.526 (2.045–10.017)^*

Abdominal infection

 No

129 (89.0)

99 (94.3)

30 (75.0)

Ref

 Yes

16 (11.0)

6 (5.7)

10 (25.0)

5.500 (1.847–16.382)^*

Consciousness

 Alert

95 (65.5)

77 (73.3)

18 (45.0)

Ref

 Sedated

39 (26.9)

23 (21.9)

16 (40.0)

2.976 (1.312–6.748)^*

 Coma

11 (7.6)

5 (4.8)

6 (15.0)

5.133 (1.409–18.704)^*

Surgery

 No

33 (22.8)

20 (19.0)

13 (32.5)

Ref

 Yes

112 (77.2)

85 (81.0)

27 (67.5)

0.489 (0.215–1.111)

Surgery site

 None

34 (23.4)

21 (20.0)

13 (32.5)

Ref

 Abdominal

64 (44.1)

49 (46.7)

15 (37.5)

0.495 (0.201–1.218)

 Thoracic

11 (7.6)

5 (4.8)

6 (15.0)

1.938 (0.491–7.657)

 Skull and Limb

36 (24.8)

30 (28.6)

6 (15.0)

0.323 (0.106–0.987)^*

Mechanical ventilation

 No

77 (53.1)

68 (64.8)

9 (22.5)

Ref

 Yes

68 (46.9)

37 (35.2)

28 (77.5)

6.330 (2.724–14.711)^*

Vasoactive drugs

 No

109 (75.2)

85 (81.0)

24 (60.0)

Ref

 Yes

36 (24.8)

20 (19.0)

16 (40.0)

2.833 (1.275–6.296)^*

APACHE II Score

 ≤ 15

62 (42.8)

57 (54.3)

5 (12.5)

Ref

Ref

 > 15

83 (57.2)

48 (45.7)

35 (87.5)

8.312 (3.020–22.884)^*

8.633 (1.922–38.782)^*

CVP (mmHg)

 ≤ 10

44 (30.3)

36 (34.3)

8 (20.0)

Ref

 > 10

29 (20.0)

11 (10.5)

15 (45.0)

0.999 (0.998–1.000)^*

 Missing

72 (49.7)

58 (55.2)

14 (35.0)

NT-proBNP (pg/ml)

 ≤ 450

62 (42.8)

59 (56.2)

3 (7.5)

Ref

Ref

 > 450

83 (57.2)

46 (43.8)

37 (92.5)

15.819 (4.586–54.561)^*

7.965 (1.755–36.156)^*

Creatinine (μmol/L)

 ≤ 130

117 (80.7)

94 (89.5)

23 (57.5)

Ref

Ref

 > 130

28 (19.3)

11 (10.5)

17 (42.5)

6.316 (2.607–15.303)^*

5.843 (1.401–24.364)^*

Prealbumin (mg/L)

 > 200

10 (6.9)

9 (8.6)

1 (2.5)

Ref

 150–200

17 (11.7)

16 (15.2)

1 (2.5)

0.563 (0.031–10.117)

 100–150

48 (33.1)

36 (34.3)

12 (30.0)

3.000 (0.344–26.191)

 < 100

70 (48.3)

44 (41.9)

26 (65.0)

5.318 (0.637–44.400)

Total protein (g/L)

 ≥ 60

63 (43.4)

53 (50.5)

10 (25.0)

Ref

 < 60

82 (56.6)

52 (49.5)

30 (75.0)

3.058 (1.358–6.884)^*

Albumin (g/L)

 ≥ 35

31 (21.4)

29 (27.6)

2 (5.0)

Ref

 < 35

114 (78.6)

76 (72.4)

38 (95.0)

7.250 (1.642–32.004)^*