Reference (first author, year of publication) | Type of factors in final model | Prognostic factors in final model | Model presentation | Evaluation of model performance | Validation | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calibration | Discrimination | Classification | |||||
Model development | |||||||
Swindell et al. [18] | Pre + intra-arrest | Age, BMI, comorbidity (cancer or liver disease), days from admission to arrest | Scoring system | n.r. | AUC 0.581 (95% CI 0.577–0.585) | ABDC ≤ 2 sensitivity 96.8% (accuracy 33.6%), ABCD ≤ -1 specificity 82% | n.r. |
Chan et al. [19] | Pre + intra-arrest | Age, initial rhythm, heart failure during admission, respiratory insufficiency, diabetes mellitus, metabolic disturbance, metastatic/haematologic malignancy, acute CNS non-stroke event, continuous IV vasopressor, mechanical ventilation | Logistic regression model with beta-coefficients estimates | D: R2 = 0.996 V: R2 = 0.990, Hosmer-Lemeshow GOF = 0.87 | D: c-statistic 0.638 V: c-statistic 0.630 | n.r. | Internal validation: split-sample |
Harrison et al. [20] | Pre + intra-arrest | 1. ROSC: age, sex, prior length of stay, reason for attendance, location of arrest, initial rhythm, interactions presenting rhythm and location | Online score calculator | Calibration plots | 1. D: c-statistic = 0.727 V: c-index 0.73. Accuracy: R2 = 0.11–0.17 | n.r. | External validation: temporal validation, geographical validation |
2. Survival: age, prior length of stay, reason for attendance, location of arrest, initial rhythm, interactions presenting rhythm and location | 2. D: c-statistic = 0.804. V: c-index 0.81. Accuracy: R2 = 0.21–0.24 | ||||||
Ebell et al. [21] | Pre-arrest | 1: CPC-score, admitting location, sepsis, mechanical ventilation, age, metastatic/haematological malignancy, acute MI this admission | Algorithm | n.r. | AUC:Â Model 1 D: 0.76, V: 0.73 | Classification table | External validation: temporal validation |
2: Factors of model 1 + other configuration + acute stroke | AUC: Model 2 D: 0.74, V: 0.71 | ||||||
Ebell et al. [21] | Pre-arrest | Age, admission neurologically intact, major trauma, acute stroke, metastatic/haematological cancer, septicaemia, non-cardiac admission, hypotension/hypoperfusion, respiratory insufficiency, pneumonia, metastatic cancer, renal dialysis/insufficiency, hepatic insufficiency, admitted from nursing facility | Scoring system | Hosmer–Lemeshow statistic 11.39 (p = 0.18). HL graph is shown | C-statistic overall: 0.800. Derivation and training: 0.77, validation 0.78 | Classification table | Internal validation: split-sample |
Chan et al. [23] | Pre + intra | Age, initial arrest rhythm, hospital location, hypotension, septicemia, metastatic/haematological malignancy, hepatic insufficiency, mechanical ventilation before arrest, vasopressor before arrest | Logistic regression model with beta-coefficients estimates | R2 of 0.99 in derivation and validation cohorts | C-statistic: 0.734 in derivation and 0.737 in validation cohort | n.r. | Internal validation: split-sample |
Larkin et al. [24] | Pre + intra-arrest | Code team present, age, race, illness category (medical cardiac, surgical cardiac, surgical non-cardiac and trauma, obstetrics), pre-existing conditions (MI, hypotension, hepatic insufficiency, baseline depression CNS function, acute stroke, infection/septicemia, metastatic/haematological malignancy, renal failure, major trauma), interventions in place (invasive airway, mechanical ventilation, anti-arrhythmics, vasopressors, vasodilators, chest tube), monitored outside ICU, monitored with arterial catheter, witnessed, pulseless when need for CPR recognized, event location (PACU/OR, general floor/telemetry, ED), initial pulseless rhythm (asystole vs VF, VT), admit time to event (in h) | Multivariate odds ratios | D: Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic 73.7 (p < 0.001) V: Hosmer-Lemeshow statistic 37.9 (p < 0.001) | D: AUC 0.78. V: AUC 0.77 (0.79–0.78). For data known at admission: AUC = 0.68, + pre-arrest admission known during admission AUC = 0.73 | n.r. | Internal validation: split-sample |
Danciu et al. [25] | Pre + intra-arrest | 1, 2 3: Respiratory arrest, initial rhythm, chronic renal insufficiency, higher BMI, less days from admission to resuscitation attempt | Scoring system + logistic model equation | 1. GOF p = 0.874 | n.r. | Survival to discharge: sensitivity= 0.88 specificity = 0.32 | n.r. |
2. GOF p = 0.599 | 1 month: sensitivity = 0.89 specificity = 0.31 | ||||||
3. GOF p = 0.822 | 3 months: sensitivity = 0.91 specificity = 0.32 | ||||||
Cooper et al. [26] | Pre + intra-arrest | Age, initial rhythm, primary cardiac/respiratory arrest | Scoring system | n.r. | n.r. | Accuracy 90% for 24 h survival for cases lasting > 15 min | n.r. |
Ambery et al. [27] | Pre-arrest | Cardiac history, COPD/asthma/respiratory failure, stroke, malignancy, renal insufficiency | Scoring system | n.r. | n.r. | (score of > 4) Under 75y sensitivity 83%, specificity 100%. Over 75y sensitivity 40%, specificity 85%, all sensitivity 52%, specificity 93% | n.r. |
Dodek et al. [28] | Pre + intra-arrest | Higher probability of death: Age, female gender, no. Previous arrests, electrical–mechanical dissociation. Lower: underlying coronary artery disease/valvular heart disease, VT, period July–September | Estimates from logistic model | n.r. | AUC: D 0.81, V: 0.71 | D: senitivitys + specificity: 0.75 (cut-off probability 0.75); V: sensitivity + specificity: 0.6 (cut-off probability 0.85) | External validation: temporal validation |
Ebell et al. [29] | Pre-arrest | Age, sex, heart rate, respiratory rate, FiO2, reason for admission, cancer, acute renal failure, GCS, place of residence before admission, mode of transport to hospital, white blood count, sodium, potassium, creatinine, haematocrit, temperature, MAP, pH, and others | Neural network | n.r. | AUC: 0.765 (SE = 0.048) | Sensitivity 52.1%, PPV 97% | n.r. |
Lawrence et al. [30] | Pre-arrest | Shock, abnormal BUN, abnormal PaO2, oliguria | Scoring system | n.r. | n.r. | Sensitivity 76%, specificity 65% | n.r. |
Marwick et al. [31] | Pre + intra-arrest | 1.Age, initial rhythm, CPR delay, defibrillation delay | Scoring system + regression coefficients | n.r. | AUC = 0.78 | n.r. | n.r. |
2.Age, initial rhythm, CPR delay | AUC = 0.71 | ||||||
3.Age, initial rhythm, defibrillation delay, defibrillated, intubated | AUC = 0.80 | ||||||
George et al. [32] | Pre-arrest | Hypotension, azotemia, malignancy, pneumonia, homebound lifestyle, angina pectoris, acute MI, heart failure (NYHA III or IV), S3 gallop, oliguria (< 300 ml/day), sepsis, mechanical ventilation, recent cerebrovascular event, coma, cirrhosis | Scoring system + nomogram | n.r. | n.r. | Linear correlation for ROSC: p < 0.02; survival to discharge p < 0.002; 3 month survival p < 0.002. PAM > 7: p < 0.0006 for in-hospital mortality | n.r. |
Burns et al. [33] | Pre + intra-arrest | Age, surgery scheduled before arrest, intensive care admission pre-arrest, pO2 < 8 mmHg | Scoring system and model equation | n.r. | n.r. | Sensitivity 76%, specificity 61%, accuracy 69% | n.r. |
Model updating | |||||||
Hong et al. [34] | Pre-arrest | GO-FAR + albumin | Scoring system | n.r | AUC D = 0.848 (CI = 0.802–0.893) V = 0.799 (CI = 0.745–0.853) | Net reclassification index V = 0.072 (CI 0.013–0.132) | External validation: temporal validation |
George et al. [35] | Pre-arrest | Age, admission CPC < 2, medical non-cardiac admission, surgical admission, hypotension/hypoperfusion, respiratory insufficiency, septicaemia, metastatic cancer, renal dialysis, hepatic insufficiency | Scoring system | Hosmer-Lemeshow test for calibration 21.43 (P = 0.006) | AUC training = 0.70 testing = 0.70 validation = 0.69 | Classification table | Internal validation: split-sample |
Piscator et al. [36] | Pre-arrest | Neurologically intact admission, sepsis, pneumonia, hypotension, respiratory insufficiency, medical non-cardiac admission, acute kidney injury, CCI, age | Scoring system | Calibration plot | V: AUC = 0.808 (CI 0.807–0.810) | For likelihood > 3% sensitivity = 99.4%, specificity = 8.4% | Internal validation: bootstrapping |
Dautzenberg et al. [37]* | Pre-arrest | Hypotension, uremia, malignancy, pneumonia, homebound lifestyle, angina pectoris, acute MI after 2 days, heart failure (NYHA III or IV), S3 gallop, oliguria (< 300 ml/day), sepsis, mechanical ventilation, recent cerebrovascular event, coma, age, dementia | Scoring system | n.r | n.r | n.r | n.r |
Ebell et al. [38]* | Pre-arrest | Malignancy (metastatic, non-metastatic), sepsis, dependent lifestyle, pneumonia, creatinine > 130 µmol/L, age > 70, acute MI (higher survival) | Scoring system | n.r | n.r | n.r | n.r |