Table 1 Model development and updating studies
Reference (first author, year of publication) | Model | Study population | Predicted outcome | No. of participants (no. with predicted outcome) | Study interval | Source of data | Country of inclusion (no. of centres) | Model development | No. of variables screened (no. In final model) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model development | |||||||||
Swindell et al. [18] | ABCD-score | Attempted CPR for IHCA in patients > 50 years | Survival to discharge | 92.706 (n.r.) | 2012–2016 | NIS Registry | USA (n.r.) | Selection of variables based on univariate analysis | n.r. (4) |
Chan et al. [19] | Benchmark hospital rates for ROSC after IHCA | Attempted CPR for IHCA | Sustained ROSC > 20 min | 83.206 (D: 55.601 (40.038), V:27.128 (19.716)) | 2014–2017 | GWTG Registry | USA (335) | Hierarchical logistic regression | 24 (10) |
Harrison et al. [20] | 1. Predicting ROSC following IHCA | Attempted CPR for IHCA | ROSC > 20 min | 22.479 (D: 14.688 (6605), V: 7791 (2926)) | 2011–2013 | NCAA Registry | UK (143) | Multilevel logistic regression | 7 (7) |
2. Predicting survival following IHCA | Attempted CPR for IHCA | Survival to discharge | 7 (6) | ||||||
Ebell et al. [22]# | 1. Classification and Regression Trees (CART1) | Attempted CPR for IHCA | Survival to discharge with CPC = 1 | 52.527 D: 38.092 (3610) V: 14.435 (1720) | 2007–2009 | GWTG Registry | USA (366) | Classification and regression trees | 32 (8) |
2. Classification and Regression Trees (CART2) | 32 (9) | ||||||||
Ebell et al. [21] | GO-FAR | Attempted CPR for IHCA | Survival to discharge with CPC = 1 | 51.240: training (44%), testing (22%), validation (34%) (overall 10.4% with outcome) | 2007–2009 | GWTG Registry | USA (366) | Previous meta-analysis; logistic regression | 17 (13) |
Chan et al. [23] | Risk-standardized survival after IHCA | Attempted CPR for IHCA | Survival to hospital discharge; risk-standardized survival rates | 48.841 (10.290) (D: 32.560 (6844), V:16.281 (3446)) | 2007–2010 | GWTG Registry | USA (356) | Hierarchical logistic regression | 26 (9) |
Larkin et al. [24] | NRCPR in-hospital mortality prediction model | Attempted CPR for IHCA | In-hospital mortality (or CPC ≥ 3) | 49,130 (84.1% with outcome) (D: 33,468 V: 12,754) | 2000–2004 | NRCPR Registry | USA (366) | Logistic regression with bootstrapping | 63 (33) |
Danciu et al. [25] | 1. Survival after IHCA | Attempted CPR for IHCA | Survival to discharge | 219 (33) | 2000–2002 | Retrospective cohort | USA (1) | Backwards stepwise logistic regression | 10 (5) |
2. Survival after IHCA | 1Â month survival | 219 (30) | |||||||
3. Survival after IHCA | 3Â months survival | 219 (25) | |||||||
Cooper et al. [26]** | Resuscitation Predictor Scoring Scale (RPS Scale) | Attempted CPR for IHCA | 24-h survival | 1633 (444) | 1993–2000 | Retrospective cohort | UK (1) | Multiple forward logistic regression | n.r. (3) |
Ambery et al. [27] | IHCA 5-score | Attempted CPR for IHCA | Survival to discharge | 111 (14) | 1998–1999 | Retrospective cohort | UK (1) | Previous knowledge | 5 (5) |
Dodek et al. [28] | Predictors of in-hospital mortality after IHCA | Attempted CPR for IHCA | Probability of death before hospital discharge | D: 197 (145) V:120 (90) | 1986–87; 1989–90 | Retrospective cohort | Canada (1) | Stepwise logistic regression | 31 (8) |
Ebell et al. [29] | Artificial neural networks for predicting failure to survive following IHCA | Attempted CPR for IHCA (ward + ICU) | Failure to survive | 218 (96) | 1989–1991 | Retrospective cohort | USA (1) | Artificial neural network | 24 (24) |
Lawrence et al. [30] | Probability of survival after CPR for IHCA | Attempted CPR for IHCA | Survival to discharge | 340 (88) | 1987–1989 | Retrospective cohort | USA (1) | Stepwise discriminant analysis followed by logistic regression | 18 (4) |
Marwick et al. [31]** | 1. Prognostic survival index at resuscitation attempt | Attempted CPR for IHCA (ward + CCU + ER + OR) | Survival to discharge | 710 (92) | 1984–1987 | Prospective cohort | Australia (1) | Cox multiple regression | 8 (4) |
2.Prognostic survival index after 10Â min | 8 (3) | ||||||||
3.Prognostic survival index after resuscitation | 8 (5) | ||||||||
George et al. [32] | Pre-Arrest Morbidity Index (PAM) | Attempted closed-chest CPR for IHCA (ward + ICU) | ROSC, survival to discharge, 3-months survival | 140 (77, 34, 29) | 1985 | Prospective cohort | USA (1) | Previous knowledge | n.r. (15) |
Burns et al. [33] | Prediction of initial success after CPR for IHCA | Attempted CPR for IHCA (ward + ICU) | ROSC | 122 (56) | 1985 | Retrospective cohort | USA (1) | Significance testing followed by backwards logistic regression | 25 (4) |
Model updating | Model based on | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hong et al. [34] | GO-FAR + albumin | Attempted CPR for IHCA | Survival to discharge with CPC 1 or 2 | 863 (127): D 419 (59) and V: 444 (68) | 2013–2017 | Prospective cohort | Korea (1) | Previous knowledge | 14 (14) | GO-FAR |
George et al. [35] | GO-FAR 2 | Attempted CPR for IHCA (excl. OR) | Survival to discharge with CPC ≤ 2 | 52.468: training 23.713 (44%) (4768 with outcome), testing 12.240 (22%), validation 16.515 (34%) | 2012–2017 | GWTG Registry | USA (366) | Previous knowledge; BIC and LASSO analysis | 24 (10) | GO-FAR |
Piscator et al. [36] | Prediction of outcome for In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (PIHCA) | Attempted CPR for IHCA | Survival to discharge with CPC ≤ 2 | 717 (628 after exclusion missing cases) (174) | 2013–2014 | SCR Registry | Sweden (6) | Previous knowledge; logistic regression | 9 (9) | GO-FAR |
Dautzenberg et al. [37]* | Modified PAM index (MPI) | n.r. (according to George et al.) | n.r. (according to George et al.) | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | Previous knowledge | n.r. (16) | PAM |
Ebell et al. [38]* | Prognosis After Resuscitation (PAR) | n.r. (according to George et al.) | n.r. (according to George et al.) | 218 (n.r.) | n.r. | n.r. | n.r. | Previous knowledge | n.r. (8) | PAM |