Table 1 Characteristics of the study population, nutrition management and patients’ overall outcomes according to the 28-day mortality
|  | Overall (n = 1206) | Survivors (n = 975) | Non-survivors (n = 226) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient admission characteristics | ||||
Age (years) | 62.9 [51.2, 72.8] | 61.6 [50.3, 71.4] | 66.5 [58.1, 76.6] |  < 0.001 |
Height (cm) | 170.0 [165.0, 176.0] | 170.0 [164.0, 176.0] | 170.0 [165.0, 175.0] | 0.712 |
Weight (kg) | 75.0 [65.0, 87.0] | 75.0 [65.0, 87.0] | 75.0 [63.0, 85.0] | 0.174 |
Sex (%) | ||||
 Female | 393 (32.6) | 324 (33.2) | 67 (29.6) | 0.338 |
 Male | 813 (67.4) | 651 (66.8) | 159 (70.4) |  |
Admission type (%) | ||||
 Surgical | 603 (50.0) | 535 (54.9) | 65 (28.8) |  < 0.001 |
 Medical | 603 (50.0) | 440 (45.1) | 161 (71.2) |  |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.7 [22.7, 29.7] | 25.7 [22.8, 29.8] | 25.3 [22.7, 28.6] | 0.123 |
BMI range (%) | ||||
  < 18 | 37 (3.2) | 27 (2.9) | 10 (4.7) | 0.207 |
 18–25 | 477 (41.1) | 385 (40.9) | 91 (42.5) |  |
 25–30 | 369 (31.8) | 295 (31.3) | 72 (33.6) |  |
  > 30 | 277 (23.9) | 234 (24.9) | 41 (19.2) |  |
Country (%) | ||||
 France | 1003 (83.2) | 817 (83.8) | 182 (80.5) | 0.279 |
 Belgium | 203 (16.8) | 158 (16.2) | 44 (19.5) |  |
University hospital (%) | ||||
 Yes | 1060 (87.9) | 870 (89.2) | 187 (82.7) | 0.010 |
 No | 146 (12.1) | 105 (10.8) | 39 (17.3) |  |
Severity and organ support | ||||
Admission SAPS II score | 44.0 [33.0, 57.0] | 42.0 [32.0, 54.0] | 53.0 [41.8, 65.3] |  < 0.001 |
Admission SOFA score | 8.0 [5.0, 11.0] | 8.0 [4.0, 10.0] | 9.0 [7.0, 12.0] |  < 0.001 |
Admission APACHE II score | 19.0 [13.0, 24.0] | 18.0 [13.0, 23.0] | 22.0 [17.0, 28.0] |  < 0.001 |
Early vasopressors (%) | 754 (62.6) | 572 (58.8) | 180 (79.6) |  < 0.001 |
Early IMV (%) | 870 (72.3) | 684 (70.3) | 182 (80.9) | 0.002 |
Sedation (%) | 844 (70.0) | 649 (66.6) | 191 (84.5) |  < 0.001 |
NMBA (%) | 216 (17.9) | 156 (16.0) | 59 (26.1) | 0.001 |
Vasopressors (%) | 818 (67.8) | 615 (63.1) | 200 (88.5) |  < 0.001 |
IMV (%) | 979 (81.2) | 776 (79.6) | 200 (88.5) | 0.003 |
NIMV (%) | 408 (33.8) | 347 (35.6) | 60 (26.5) | 0.012 |
Early nutritional intake | ||||
Timing of enteral after admission (hours) | 37.6 [24.2, 64.6] | 37.1 [24.2, 63.8] | 39.9 [24.5, 72.2] | 0.331 |
Early nutrition (%) | ||||
 None | 488 (40.5) | 416 (42.7) | 71 (31.4) | 0.020 |
 EN | 504 (41.8) | 392 (40.2) | 110 (48.7) |  |
 EN + PN | 35 (2.9) | 26 (2.7) | 8 (3.5) |  |
 PN | 179 (14.8) | 141 (14.5) | 37 (16.4) |  |
Total early caloric intake (kcal/kg/day) | 10.03 [4.81, 18.09] | 9.77 [4.59, 17.39] | 11.37 [6.25, 20.53] | 0.006 |
Early non-nutritional calories (kcal/kg/day) | 3.16 [1.25, 5.63] | 3.13 [1.25, 5.56] | 3.23 [1.29, 6.08] | 0.471 |
Early protein (g/kg/day) | 0.24 [0.00, 0.64] | 0.21 [0.00, 0.63] | 0.37 [0.00, 0.72] | 0.005 |
10-day nutritional intake and adverse effects | ||||
Enteral nutrition (%) | 753 (62.4) | 579 (59.4) | 170 (75.2) |  < 0.001 |
Parenteral nutrition (%) | 406 (33.7) | 323 (33.1) | 80 (35.4) | 0.567 |
Total Caloric intake (kcal/kg/day) | 16.94 [7.18, 22.82] | 16.08 [6.17, 22.59] | 18.43 [11.85, 23.89] |  < 0.001 |
Non-nutritional calories (kcal/kg/day) | 2.16 [1.08, 3.92] | 2.11 [1.06, 3.85] | 2.53 [1.21, 4.28] | 0.033 |
Protein intake (g/kg/day) | 0.62 [0.17, 0.91] | 0.59 [0.09, 0.90] | 0.67 [0.38, 0.98] | 0.002 |
Diarrhoea (%) | 322 (26.7) | 262 (26.9) | 59 (26.1) | 0.880 |
Bowel movement (%) | 969 (80.3) | 797 (81.7) | 168 (74.3) | 0.015 |
Emesis (%) | 186 (15.4) | 144 (14.8) | 40 (17.7) | 0.318 |
Feeding intolerance (%) | 257 (34.0) | 195 (33.7) | 59 (34.7) | 0.876 |