Table 4 Blood-borne stress markers

Stress hormones

ACTH (ng/L)*

10–50

17.1 [15.1–19.5]

18.1 [15.9–20.5]

Aldosterone (pmol/L)*

0–400 (supine)

71.8 [50.4–102.3]

59.7 [42.1–84.8]

Adrenaline (nmol/L)*^‡

 < 3.5

0.32 [0.26–0.4]

0.38 [0.31–0.48]

Noradrenaline (nmol/L)*^‡

 < 1

4.27 [3.12–5.85]

6.2 [4.6–8.5]

Total cortisol (mU/L)*

140–640

515 [409–648]

618 [491–776]

Anabolic and catabolic hormones

GH (mU/L) n*

Post-suppression < 0.5 post-stimulation > 10

2.77 [2.06–3.71]

1.97 [1.48–2.64]

Insulin (mU/L)*

2–23

16.9 [13.4–21.4]

16.0 [12.6–20.2]

Leptin (ng/ml)*

3.7–11.1

21.6 [16.7–27.9]

25.9 [20.1–33.4]

Oestradiol (pmol/L)*

 < 180 (< 100 post-menopausal)

119 [95.4–149.6]

113 [90.6–141.5]

Prolactin (mU/L)*

Male 56–278, Female 58–416

510 [423–615]

458 [381–551]

Testosterone (nmol/L)*

Male 9–35, Female 0.3–2.6

1.39 [1.14–1.71]

1.56 [1.28–1.91]

fT3 (pmol/L)

3.5–6

3.4 [3.3–3.6]

3.4 [3.2–3.6]

T4 (pmol/L)

7–17

11.8 [11.1–12.5]

11.6 [10.9–12.3]

TSH (mU/L)*

0.3–4.5

1.22 [0.95–1.56]

1.34 [1.05–1.72]

Lipid metabolism

Beta Hydroxybutyrate (mmol/L)*

 < 0.2

0.17 [0.14–0.21]

0.19 [0.16–0.23]

HDL cholesterol (mmol/L)*

 > 1

0.43 [0.34–0.54]

0.49 [0.39–0.62]

Total cholesterol (mmol/L)

 < 6

2.8 [2.5–3.1]

2.7 [2.4–3.0]

Triglycerides (mmol/L)*

 < 1.5

1.64 [1.43–1.86]

1.52 [1.33–1.73]

Cardiac injury/dysfunction

BNP (ng/L)*

 < 100

266 [202–352]

240 [182–316]

Troponin I (ng/L)*

 < 0.04

0.11 [0.07–0.17]

0.09 [0.06–0.14]

Other

Creatinine (µmol/L)*

Male 60–110 Female 45–90

105.2 [90.9–122]

97.7 [84.4–113.1]

Urea (mmol/L)

2.9–8.2

11.6 [9.9–13.2]

10.3 [8.7–11.9]

Albumin (g/L)

35–50

23.9 [22.3–25.4]

24.5 [23.0–26.0]

ALP (U/L)*

30–110

88.1 [76.2–101.8]

81.3 [70.6–93.7]

ALT (U/L)*

 < 45

49.3 [36.5–66.7]

41.7 [31–56]

AST (U/L)*

 < 35

64.2 [47.2–87.1]

61.6 [45.9–83.2]

Glucose (nmol/L)

3–7.8

8.7 [8.1–9.2]

8.3 [7.8–8.9]

Lactate (mmol/L)*

0.5–2.2

1.36 [1.2–1.53]

1.23 [1.09–1.38]

pH

Male 7.32–7.43, Female 7.35–7.45

7.38 [7.37–7.40]

7.38 [7.36–7.39]

SBE (mmol/L)

− 2—> 3

0.69 [− 0.61–1.99]

0.9 [− 0.38–2.17]

Platelets (× 10⁹/L)

140–400

221 [197–246]

205 [181–229]

PT (secs)

9–13

14.9 [13.5–16.2]

15.1 [13.8–16.3]

WCC (× 10⁹/L)

3.5–11

14.3 [12.6–16.0]

12.6 [10.9–14.2]