Table 1 Clinical characteristics and outcomes of the longitudinal phenotypes on Day 0 in the CDIC
From: Longitudinal phenotypes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: a multi-database study
|  | All (n = 605) | Longitudinal phenotypes of ARDS | P value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Class 1 (n = 400) | Class 2 (n = 102) | Class 3 (n = 103) | |||
Age (years) | 65 (53–76) | 66 (54–77) | 65 (54–73) | 63 (52–75) | 0.18 |
Male (gender), n (%) | 423 (69.9) | 283 (70.8) | 67 (65.7) | 73 (70.9) | 0.59 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.5 (20.9–26.0) | 23.7 (21.5–26.0) | 23.4 (20.8–25.7) | 22.9 (20.8–25.8) | 0.35 |
ARDS Primary risk factor, n (%) | 0.015 | ||||
 Pneumonia | 400 (66.1) | 276 (69.0) | 71 (69.6) | 53 (51.5) |  |
 Sepsis | 97 (16.0) | 59 (14.8) | 10 (9.8) | 28 (27.2) |  |
 Aspiration | 49 (8.1) | 28 (7.0) | 11 (10.8) | 10 (9.7) |  |
 Other | 59 (9.8) | 37 (9.2) | 10 (9.8) | 12 (11.6) |  |
SOFA score | 9 (6–12) | 8 (6–11) | 9 (6–13) | 11 (9–14) | < 0.001 |
APACHE II score | 22 (17–28) | 21 (16–27) | 24 (17–31) | 26 (22–32) | < 0.001 |
Severity of ARDS at baseline, n (%) | < 0.001 | ||||
 Mild | 175 (28.9) | 133 (33.2) | 15 (14.7) | 27 (26.2) |  |
 Moderate | 321 (53.1) | 208 (52.0) | 57 (55.9) | 56 (54.4) |  |
 Severe | 109 (18.0) | 59 (14.8) | 30 (29.4) | 20 (19.4) |  |
Parameters of mechanical ventilation in the first 24Â h | |||||
 Respiratory rate (breaths min−1) | 25 (22–30) | 24 (21–27) | 32 (29–36) | 28 (25–31) | < 0.001 |
 Tidal volume (ml/kg PBW) | 8.3 (7.1–9.7) | 8.1 (7.0–9.4) | 9.2 (7.5–10.5) | 8.6 (7.3–10.0) | < 0.001 |
 Minute ventilation (L/min) | 12.8 (10.5–15.8) | 11.8 (9.7–14.0) | 16.9 (14.0–20.2) | 13.7 (11.4–16.2) | < 0.001 |
 PEEP (cmH20) | 9 (7–11) | 9 (7–10) | 10 (8–12) | 10 (8–11) | < 0.001 |
 Peak Pressure (cmH20) | 24 (21–27) | 23 (21–26) | 25 (22–29) | 24 (22–29) | < 0.001 |
 Driving pressure (cmH20) | 15 (12–19) | 15 (12–18) | 16 (13–20) | 15 (13–19) | 0.019 |
 Mechanical power (J/min) | 20.4 (15.8–26.1) | 18.9 (14.4–22.4) | 30.3 (25.4–35.5) | 21.9 (18.4–28.1) | < 0.001 |
 Compliance (ml/cmH20) | 33.8 (26.3–43.8) | 33.9 (26.9–43.2) | 33.9 (25.0–47.0) | 33.5 (25.4–42.9) | 0.87 |
 Ventilatory ratio | 1.90 (1.43–2.47) | 1.69 (1.31–2.11) | 3.26 (2.73–3.71) | 1.97 (1.53–2.50) | < 0.001 |
 PaCO2 (mmHg) | 33.9 (28.5–40.0) | 32.3 (28.1–37.9) | 40.4 (35.5–53.4) | 33.8 (27.5–41.1) | < 0.001 |
 PaO2/FiO2 ratio (mmHg) | 159 (117–210) | 162 (124–220) | 142 (90–186) | 160 (113–202) | 0.0012 |
Vasopressor use in the first 24 h, n (%) | 481 (79.5) | 301 (75.3) | 87 (85.2) | 93 (90.3) | < 0.001 |
Vital signs in the first 24Â h | |||||
 Heart rate (beats min−1) | 98 (94–99) | 97 (92–98) | 98 (95–99) | 110 (101–120) | < 0.001 |
 MAP (mmHg) | 69 (65–75) | 69 (65–75) | 69 (65–80) | 66 (62–71) | 0.0092 |
 Temperature (℃) | 37.8 (37.0–38.4) | 37.5 (37.0–38.2) | 37.9 (37–38.5) | 38.2 (37.7–38.8) | < 0.001 |
Laboratory data in the first 24Â h | |||||
 pH | 7.39 (7.33–7.43) | 7.41 (7.36–7.45) | 7.35 (7.25–7.40) | 7.35 (7.29–7.41) | < 0.001 |
 BUN (mg/dl) | 9.6 (6.4–15.2) | 9.2 (6.1–14.0) | 10.5 (6.6–17.2) | 11.7 (7.5–16.4) | 0.013 |
 Creatinine (mmol/L) | 100 (69–165) | 92 (66.5–147) | 104.5 (70–170.8) | 134 (84–193.5) | < 0.001 |
 Bicarbonate (mmol/L) | 20.7 (17.8–23.7) | 20.6 (17.8–23.3) | 23.0 (19.8–26.2) | 19.8 (16.3–21.9) | < 0.001 |
 Lactate (mmol/L) | 1.9 (1.2–3.0) | 1.9 (1.2–2.8) | 1.7 (1.2–2.5) | 2.6 (1.8–4.3) | < 0.001 |
Fluid balance in the first 24 h (L) | 1.38 (-0.35–4.21) | 1.05 (-0.56–3.78) | 2.41 (-0.35–4.48) | 2.89 (0.54–4.81) | < 0.001 |
Clinical outcomes | |||||
 Alive and VFDs at Day 28 (days) | 5.9 (0–21.4) | 13.1 (0–22.4) | 0 (0–15.5) | 0 (0–13.9) | < 0.001 |
 ICU mortality, n (%) | 176 (29.1) | 92 (23.0) | 35 (34.3) | 49 (47.6) | < 0.001 |
 Hospital mortality, n (%) | 189 (31.2) | 102 (25.5) | 36 (35.3) | 51 (49.6) | < 0.001 |
 28-day mortality, n (%) | 228 (37.7) | 122 (30.5) | 48 (47.1) | 58 (56.3) | < 0.001 |