Table 3 AUCs for the updated HACOR score for predicting NIV failure in different subgroups
|  | After 1–2 h of NIV AUC (95% CI) | After 12 h of NIV AUC (95% CI) | After 24 h of NIV AUC (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
Training cohort | |||
 De novo acute respiratory failure, N = 876# | 0.83 (0.81–0.86) | 0.84 (0.81–0.87) | 0.85 (0.81–0.88) |
 Pneumonia, N = 710 | 0.82 (0.79–0.85) | 0.84 (0.81–0.88) | 0.83 (0.80–0.87) |
 Pulmonary ARDS, N = 151 | 0.81 (0.74–0.88) | 0.83 (0.76–0.90) | 0.89 (0.82–0.95) |
 Extrapulmonary ARDS, N = 160 | 0.86 (0.80–0.93) | 0.85 (0.77–0.93) | 0.86 (0.78–0.95) |
 CPE, N = 138 | 0.81 (0.63–1.00) | 0.92 (0.80–1.00) | 0.80 (0.53–1.00) |
 Cardiac problem other than CPE, N = 74 | 0.76 (0.60–0.92) | 0.78 (0.63–0.92) | 0.84 (0.69–0.99) |
 Nonpulmonary sepsis, N = 192 | 0.83 (0.78–0.89) | 0.76 (0.66–0.85) | 0.71 (0.59–0.83) |
 Pancreatitis, N = 141 | 0.81 (0.72–0.91) | 0.84 (0.75–0.93) | 0.88 (0.79–0.96) |
Validation cohort | |||
 De novo acute respiratory failure, N = 438# | 0.76 (0.71–0.80) | 0.77 (0.73–0.82) | 0.80 (0.75–0.85) |
 Pneumonia, N = 485 | 0.73 (0.69–0.77) | 0.75 (0.71–0.80) | 0.77 (0.72–0.81) |
 Pulmonary ARDS, N = 126 | 0.75 (0.66–0.83) | 0.74 (0.65–0.84) | 0.74 (0.64–0.84) |
 Extrapulmonary ARDS, N = 17 | 0.74 (0.49–0.99) | 0.92 (0.75–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) |
 CPE, N = 44 | 0.78 (0.53–1.00) | 0.88 (0.75–1.00) | 0.89 (0.74–1.00) |
 Cardiac problem other than CPE, N = 21 | 0.95 (0.86–1.00) | 0.80 (0.57–1.00) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) |
 Nonpulmonary sepsis, N = 56 | 0.83 (0.71–0.94) | 0.75 (0.60–0.90) | 0.75 (0.58–0.92) |
 Pancreatitis, N = 31 | 0.89 (0.78–1.00) | 0.71 (0.48–0.94) | 0.97 (0.91–1.00) |
 COVID-19, N = 43 | 0.78 (0.63–0.92) | 0.70 (0.54–0.86) | 0.82 (0.68–0.96) |