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Table 2 Physical outcomes at 4-year follow-up of former PEPaNIC patients in comparison with healthy control children

From: Impact of critical illness and withholding of early parenteral nutrition in the pediatric intensive care unit on long-term physical performance of children: a 4-year follow-up of the PEPaNIC randomized controlled trial

Outcome

Healthy children (n = 346)

PEPaNIC patients (n = 521)

p

Multivariable pc

Handgrip strength (% of predicted)

    

 Dominant hand

101.4 (87.0–122.8)

94.0 (77.5–117.0)

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Non-dominant hand

99.1 (83.3–120.1)

91.9 (74.3–111.3)

< 0.001

< 0.001

Timed up-and-go test (s)

5.1 (4.5–5.9)

5.5 (4.9–6.3)

< 0.001

< 0.001

6-min walk test

    

 Distance walked (m)

553 (471–643)

485 (420–587)

< 0.001

< 0.001

 Heart rate

    

  Before the test

88 (74–102)

88 (75–102)

0.62

 

  After the test

117 (104–129)

120 (103–136))

0.33

 

  Difference before and after the test

27 (16–40)

29 (16–43)

0.70

0.53

 Peripheral O2 saturation

    

  Before the test

99 (98–100)

99 (97–100)

0.77

 

  After the test

98 (97–100)

98 (97–99)

0.008

 

  Difference before and after the test

0 (− 1 to 0)

− 1 (− 2 to 0)

0.04

0.02

  3% or more reduced after the test

7 (6.2%)

23 (15.7%)

0.01

0.01

ActiGrapha

    

 Daily time monitored (h)

12.2 (11.6–12.9)

12.0 (11.4–12.7)

0.02

0.02

 Total energy expenditure

    

  kcal/kg/day

121.8 (105.7–182.4)

107.6 (86.6–157.3)

< 0.001

0.007

  kcal/kg/hour monitored

10.2 (8.5–14.7)

9.3 (7.2–12.6)

0.001

0.01

 Physical activity energy expenditure

    

  Metabolic equivalent of task (MET)

2.2 (1.7–2.5)

2.1 (1.7–2.4)

0.17

0.26

 Daily time spent in a type of activity, %b

    

  Sedentary

46.7 (42.0–54.1)

47.4 (41.5–52.8)

0.65

0.87

  Light activity

42.2 (17.7–49.8)

46.1 (21.6–52.2)

0.002

0.001

  Moderate activity

8.2 (4.8–26.6)

6.0 (3.9–18.9)

0.01

0.04

  Vigorous activity

1.1 (0.5–1.9)

0.9 (0.4–2.0)

0.34

0.31

  Very vigorous activity

0.2 (0.0–0.5)

0.1 (0.0–0.6)

0.55

0.97

  Moderate to vigorous activity

10.9 (5.7–28.4)

8.0 (4.8–22.5)

0.03

0.08

 Number of Freedson bouts

1.0 (0.4–1.8)

0.8 (0.2–1.5)

0.004

0.003

 Number of sedentary bouts

6.7 (4.5–9.3)

6.0 (4.4–8.9)

0.29

0.22

 Number of steps walked

    

  Steps/day

9666 (8016–11,109)

8838 (7299–10,308)

0.001

0.007

  Steps/day/hour monitored

794 (656–927)

741 (601–867)

0.01

0.05

  1. Data are expressed as median and interquartile range or number and percentage
  2. aData averaged over the registered days
  3. bExpressed as the percentage of worn/monitored time
  4. cAdjusted for age, treatment center, sex, race, geographic origin, language, hand preference, history of malignancy, a predefined syndrome, and the educational and occupational status of the parents and caregivers
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Critical Care

ISSN: 1364-8535