Table 1 Development of sorbents and application in extracorporeal therapies

1850 First inorganic aluminosilicates (zeolites) used to exchange NH₄ and Ca⁺⁺

1910 Water softeners using zeolites display instability in the presence of mineral acids

1935 Adams and Holmes synthesize the first organic polymer ion exchange resin

1948 First published application of hemoperfusion using an ionic resin to treat uremia in dogs

1950s Application of synthetic porous polymers (trade names: Amberlyte, Duolite, Dowex) to experimental blood purification

1958. Use of ion exchange resin to treat a patient with barbiturate poisoning

1960s Clinical use of hemoperfusion with ion exchange resins to remove salicylate and phenobarbital in dogs

1970s Widespread application of coated charcoal and resins to the treatment of poisoning

1980s Application of coated charcoal and resins to the treatment of a variety of conditions (liver disease, vasculitis, and autoimmune diseases)

1990s Decreased interest in hemoperfusion with charcoal and resins and side effects reported more frequently with greater use

2000s Continued decrease in the use of hemoperfusion as dialysis membranes achieve better clearance, greater biocompatibility and lower cost and continuous renal replacement therapy spreads

2010s Improvements in coating and manufacturing and positive experimental work restore interest in hemoperfusion with growing numbers of reports

2020s Application of hemoperfusion to the management if inflammatory and/or septic states becomes more common