1850 First inorganic aluminosilicates (zeolites) used to exchange NH4 and Ca++ |
1910 Water softeners using zeolites display instability in the presence of mineral acids |
1935 Adams and Holmes synthesize the first organic polymer ion exchange resin |
1948 First published application of hemoperfusion using an ionic resin to treat uremia in dogs |
1950s Application of synthetic porous polymers (trade names: Amberlyte, Duolite, Dowex) to experimental blood purification |
1958. Use of ion exchange resin to treat a patient with barbiturate poisoning |
1960s Clinical use of hemoperfusion with ion exchange resins to remove salicylate and phenobarbital in dogs |
1970s Widespread application of coated charcoal and resins to the treatment of poisoning |
1980s Application of coated charcoal and resins to the treatment of a variety of conditions (liver disease, vasculitis, and autoimmune diseases) |
1990s Decreased interest in hemoperfusion with charcoal and resins and side effects reported more frequently with greater use |
2000s Continued decrease in the use of hemoperfusion as dialysis membranes achieve better clearance, greater biocompatibility and lower cost and continuous renal replacement therapy spreads |
2010s Improvements in coating and manufacturing and positive experimental work restore interest in hemoperfusion with growing numbers of reports |
2020s Application of hemoperfusion to the management if inflammatory and/or septic states becomes more common |