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Table 1 Patient characteristics stratified by discovery and internal validation cohorts

From: Multidimensional analysis of the host response reveals prognostic and pathogen-driven immune subtypes among adults with sepsis in Uganda

Patient characteristic

All patients (N = 288)

Discovery cohort (N = 201)

Internal validation cohort (N = 87)

Female sex, n (%)

171/288 (59.4)

116/201 (57.7)

55/87 (63.2)

Age, years, median [IQR]

32 [26, 42]

32 [26, 40]

32 [27, 43]

Duration of illness prior to admission, days, median [IQR]a

4 [3, 7]

4 [3, 7]

4 [3, 7]

History of fever, n (%)

288/288 (100.0)

201/201 (100.0)

87/87 (100.0)

Night sweats

225/288 (78.1)

161/201 (80.1)

64/87 (73.6)

Headache

227/288 (78.8)

158/201 (78.6)

69/87 (79.3)

Cough

178/288 (61.8)

125/201 (62.2)

53/87 (60.9)

Diarrhea

100/288 (34.7)

70/201 (34.8)

30/87 (34.5)

Shortness of breath

66/288 (22.9)

47/201 (23.4)

19/87 (21.8)

Dysuria

39/288 (13.5)

31/201 (15.4)

8/87 (9.2)

Received antibiotic or antimalarial agent prior to admission, n (%)

102/288 (35.4)

70/201 (34.8)

32/87 (36.8)

Temperature ≥ 38 °C, n (%)

104/288 (36.1)

76/201 (37.8)

28/87 (32.2)

Temperature < 36 °C, n (%)

84/288 (29.2)

58/201 (28.9)

26/87 (29.9)

Heart rate, beats/min, median [IQR]

98 [87,109]

98 [86,108]

98 [90,111]

Respiratory rate, beats/min, median [IQR]

22 [21, 26]

22 [21, 26]

22 [20, 26]

Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, median [IQR]

103 [91,117]

104 [91,118]

100 [92,113]

Oxygen saturation, %, median [IQR]

97 [95,98]

97 [96,98]

97 [95,98]

Encephalopathy, n (%)b

57/288 (19.8)

40/201 (19.9)

17/87 (19.5)

qSOFA score ≥ 2, n (%)c

129/288 (44.8)

88/201 (43.8)

41/87 (47.1)

qSOFA score ≥ 1, n (%)c

253/288 (87.8)

174/201 (86.6)

79/87 (90.8)

Modified SIRS score ≥ 2, n (%)d

247/288 (85.8)

173/201 (86.1)

74/87 (85.1)

MEWS, median [IQR]

3 [2, 5]

3 [2, 4]

3 [2, 5]

UVA score, median [IQ R]

3 [2, 4]

3 [1, 4]

2 [2, 4]

Shock, n (%)e

41/288 (14.2)

28/201 (13.9)

13/87 (14.9)

Acute respiratory failure, n (%)f

61/288 (21.2)

39/201 (19.4)

22/87 (25.3)

Severe anemia, n (%)g

56/288 (19.4)

39/201 (19.4)

17/87 (19.5)

HIV-infected, n (%)

154/286 (53.8)

106/199 (53.2)

48/87 (55.2)

WHO clinical stage 3 or 4, n (%)

125/154 (81.2)

91/106 (85.8)

34/48 (71.0)

Newly diagnosed HIV-infection, n (%)

20/154 (13.0)

12/106 (11.3)

8/48 (16.7)

On ART prior to admission, n (%)h

91/134 (67.9)

63/94 (67.0)

28/40 (70.0)

On TMP-SMX prior to admission, n (%)h

94/134 (70.1)

65/94 (69.1)

29/40 (72.5)

Malaria RDT positive, n (%)

59/283 (20.8)

38/197 (19.3)

21/86 (24.4)

Microbiological TB positive, n (%)i

51/288 (17.7)

35/201 (17.4)

16/87 (18.4)

Urine TB-LAM positive

40/122 (32.8)

27/83 (32.5)

13/39 (33.3)

Influenza PCR positive, n (%)

17/262 (6.5)

14/184 (7.6)

3/78 (3.8)

Death in-hospital or transfer, n (%)

40/288 (13.9)

28/201 (13.9)

12/87 (13.8)

Duration of hospitalization, days, median [IQR]j

5 [3, 8]

5 [3, 7]

5 [3, 8]

KPS ≤ 70 at alive discharge, n (%)

20/246 (8.1)

12/173 (6.9)

8/73 (11.0)

Death at 30-days post-discharge, n (%)

62/260 (23.8)

44/179 (24.6)

18/81 (22.2)

  1. IQR: interquartile range, qSOFA: quick sequential (sepsis-related) organ failure assessment, SIRS: systemic inflammatory response syndrome, MEWS: modified early warning score, UVA: universal vital assessment, HIV: human immunodeficiency virus, WHO: World Health Organization, ART: anti-retroviral therapy, RDT: rapid diagnostic test, TB: tuberculosis, LAM: lipoarabinomannan, PCR: polymerase chain reaction
  2. aUnknown for 1 patient
  3. bAnything other than “Alert” on AVPU (alert, responsive to voice, responsive to pain, unresponsive) mental status assessment
  4. cSystolic blood pressure ≤ 100 mmHg, respiratory rate ≥ 22 breaths/min, and encephalopathy, latter defined using AVPU scale
  5. dTemperature ≥ 38 °C or < 36 °C, heart rate ≥ 90 beats/min, respiratory rate ≥ 20 breaths/min
  6. eSystolic blood pressure ≤ 90 mmHg despite administration of ≥ 1 L of intravenous fluid
  7. fOxygen saturation ≤ 90% or respiratory rate ≥ 30 breaths/min
  8. gHemoglobin < 9 g/dl or administration of blood transfusion
  9. hDenominator is number with known HIV-infection prior to admission
  10. iPositive result by sputum Xpert Ultra or smear or urine TB-LAM
  11. jUnknown for 11 patients
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Critical Care

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