Table 2 Characteristics of included articles
Characteristic | All studies, n (%) (N = 314) |
|---|---|
Type of study | |
Primary research | |
Cohort studies | 118 (37.6) |
Qualitative study | 51 (16.2) |
Interventional (non-RCT) | 39 (12.4) |
Cross-sectional | 28 (8.9) |
Systematic and scoping reviewsa | 11 (3.5) |
Randomized controlled trial | 8 (2.6) |
Mixed methods | 8 (2.6) |
Case study or series | 6 (1.9) |
Secondary research | |
Literature and narrative reviews | 23 (7.3) |
Descriptive studies | 7 (2.2) |
Guidelines | 6 (1.9) |
Delphi methodology and consensus statements | 5 (1.6) |
Opinion | 4 (1.3) |
Continent of Origin | |
North America | 135 (43.0) |
Europe | 80 (25.5) |
Asia | 35 (11.2) |
Oceania | 23 (7.3) |
Various (multiple) continents | 16 (5.1) |
South America | 10 (3.2) |
Africa | 1 (0.3) |
Not reported | 14 (4.5) |
Language | |
Published in English | 304 (96.8) |
Non-English language publication | 10 (3.2) |
Year of publication | |
2012–2015b | 98 (31.2) |
2016–2018 | 110 (35.0) |
2019–2021 | 106 (33.8) |
Study populationc | |
Adult | 162 (51.6) |
Pediatric | 34 (10.8) |
Neonatal | 97 (30.9) |
Not reported | 31 (9.9) |
Type of ICUa | |
Medical | 79 (25.2) |
Surgical | 73 (23.3) |
General system | 30 (9.6) |
Cardiac | 23 (7.3) |
Neurological | 21 (6.7) |
Trauma | 19 (6.1) |
Oncologic | 8 (2.6) |
Burn | 4 (1.3) |
Mixed (with sub-types not specified) | 2 (0.6) |
Not reported | 80 (25.5) |