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Table 3 Conditions affecting respiratory variability

From: Breathing variability—implications for anaesthesiology and intensive care

Factor

Reference

Respiratory measurements

Measure of variability

 

Age

Tobin et al. [26]

Inductive plethysmography

CV

Young versus old subjects:

RR: 0.16 versus 0.17

TV: 0.22 versus 0.28*

MV: 0.22 versus 0.27*

IT: 0.19 versus 0.21

 

Peng et al. [11]

Inductive plethysmography

DFA (α)

Healthy young versus healthy elderly subjects (male):

BT: 0.68 ± 0.07 versus 0.60 ± 0.08*

Healthy young versus healthy elderly subjects (female):

BT: 0.70 ± 0.07 versus 0.67 ± 0.06

Sleep

Hudgel et al. [16]

Nasal CPAP mask, pneumotachography

CV

Awake versus NREM sleep (elderly):

TV: 0.24 ± 0.04 versus 0.25 ± 0.04

MV: 0.20 ± 0.02 versus 0.25 ± 0.05

IT: 0.15 ± 0.02 versus 0.11 ± 0.01

BT: 0.15 ± 0.02 versus 0.10 ± 0.05*

Awake versus NREM sleep (young):

TV: 0.23 ± 0.04 versus 0.11 ± 0.02*

MV: 0.14 ± 0.02 versus 0.10 ± 0.11

IT: 0.17 ± 0.02 versus 0.08 ± 0.01*

BT: 0.16 ± 0.02 versus 0.08 ± 0.01*

 

Rostig et al. [17]

Full-face mask, pneumotachography

CV

NREM versus REM sleep:

TV: 0.11 ± 0.01 versus 0.28 ± 0.08*

MV: 0.11 ± 0.03 versus 0.21 ± 0.09*

RR: 0.09 ± 0.03 versus 0.20 ± 0.04*

IT: 0.10 ± 0.02 versus 0.15 ± 0.03

   

DFA, STC (α1)

TV: 0.89 ± 0.09 versus 1.18 ± 0.14

MV: 0.96 ± 0.10 versus 1.18 ± 0.16

RR: 0.79 ± 0.06 versus 0.95 ± 0.14

IT: 0.68 ± 0.04 versus 0.76 ± 0.10

   

DFA, LTC (α2)

TV: 0.51 ± 0.09 versus 0.81 ± 0.15

MV: 0.51 ± 0.09 versus 0.77 ± 0.13

RR: 0.57 ± 0.05 versus 0.85 ± 0.12

IT: 0.55 ± 0.07 versus 0.76 ± 0.11

Hypertension

Anderson et al. [30]

Inductive plethysmography

RMSSD

Lower versus upper tertile of blood pressure:

TV: 147 ± 38 versus 219 ± 22*

MV: 1.84 ± 0.32 versus 1.91 ± 0.46*

RR: 3.56 ± 0.50 versus 4.72 ± 0.73*

Children with anxiety disorder

Pine et al. [32]

Spirometry and respiratory canopy

SD

Anxiety disorder versus normal controls:

TV: 98 ± 101 versus 39 ± 27*

MV: 2.0 ± 2.0 versus 0.8 ± 0.4*

RR: data not reported, P = 0.06

Panic disorder

Martinez et al. [34]

Spirometry and respiratory canopy

SD

Panic disorder versus normal controls:

TV: 191 ± 184 versus 84 ± 43*

MV: 2.36 ± 1.80 versus 1.37 ± 0.68*

RR: 4.59 ± 2.75 versus 3.58 ± 2.43

   

MSSD

TV: 308 ± 358 versus 144 ± 152*

MV: 4.27 ± 5.05 versus 2.12 ± 1.84*

RR: 6.90 ± 7.75 versus 5.38 ± 5.13

 

Yeragani et al. [36]

Inductance plethysmography

CV

Panic disorder versus normal controls:

TV: 0.54 ± 0.22 versus 0.33 ± 0.15 (standing)*

RR: 0.39 ± 0.17 versus 0.45 ± 0.10

TV: 0.23 ± 0.10 versus 0.32 ± 0.27 (supine)

RR: 0.29 ± 0.12 versus 0.32 ± 0.11

   

LLE

Panic disorder versus normal controls:

0.10 ± 0.01 versus 0.086 ± 0.02 (standing)*

0.09 ± 0.02 versus 0.09 ± 0.02 (supine)

   

ApEn

Panic disorder versus normal controls:

0.40 ± 0.13 versus 0.27 ± 0.12 (standing)*

0.30 ± 0.0 versus 0.29 ± 0.12 (supine)

Cognitive load

Vlemincx et al. [21]

Inductance plethysmography

CV

Complex arithmetic task versus baseline:

TV: 0.36 ± 0.16 versus 0.24 ± 0.14*

MV: 0.26 ± 0.08 versus 0.20 ± 0.08*

RR: 0.18 ± 0.08 versus 0.16 ± 0.07

   

AR

Complex arithmetic task versus baseline:

TV: 0.11 ± 0.23 versus 0.20 ± 0.18*

MV: 0.30 ± 0.24 versus 0.28 ± 0.18

RR: 0.12 ± 0.15 versus 0.26 ± 0.20*

 

Grassmann et al. [22]

Nasal capnometry

CV

High demanding mental multi-task versus baseline:

RR: 0.13 ± 0.05 versus 0.19 ± 0.09*

   

AR

High demanding mental multi-task versus baseline:

RR: 0.05 ± 0.11 versus 0.13 ± 0.18*

COPD

Loveridge et al. [37]

Inductance plethysmography

CV

COPD versus normal controls:

TV 0.253 versus 0.337*

MV 0.221 versus 0.280*

RR 0.170 versus 0.220

IT 0.178 versus 0.229*

Asthma

Hmeidi et al. [38]

Structured light plethysmography

IQR

Asthma (prebronchodilator) versus normal controls:

RR: 3.93 (2.57) versus 3.32 (2.2)

IE50: 0.63 (0.32) versus 0.47 (0.18)*

Asthma (prebronchodilator) versus asthma (postbronchodilator):

RR 3.93 (2.57) versus 4.62 (2.34)

IE50: 0.63 (0.32) versus 0.60 (0.38)*

Asthma

Seppa et al. [39]

Impedance pneumography

CSRmin

High-risk group versus low-risk group:

Flow-volume curve 0.995 [0.984–0.999] versus 0.998 [0.994–0.999]*

   

NLmin

High-risk group versus low-risk group:

Flow signal 14.3 [0.00–48.7] versus 30.3 [0.00–42.7]*

Restrictive lung disease

Brack et al. [42]

Inductance plethysmography

CV

Restrictive lung disease versus normal controls:

TV 0.22 ± 0.05 versus 0.50 ± 0.20*

IT 0.22 ± 0.05 versus 0.33 ± 0.12*

ET 0.22 ± 0.07 versus 0.41 ± 0.19*

MV 0.24 ± 0.06 versus 0.42 ± 0.16*

   

AR

TV 0.43 ± 0.14 versus 0.23 ± 0.12*

IT 0.25 ± 0.17 versus 0.21 ± 0.14

ET 0.28 ± 0.13 versus 0.12 ± 0.15*

MV 0.39 ± 0.16 versus 0.27 ± 0.14

Lung dysmaturity in infancy

Fouzas et al. [43]

Full face mask, flowmeter

CV

Preterm non-CLDI infants versus term infants:

TV 0.09 ± 0.03 versus 0.09 ± 0.02

Preterm moderate/severe CLDI versus term infants:

TV 0.07 ± 0.02 versus 0.09 ± 0.02*

   

2D dispersion, Poincaré

Preterm non-CLDI infants versus term infants:

TV 147 ± 82.2 versus 143 ± 64.3

Preterm moderate/severe CLDI versus term infants:

TV 58.9 ± 40.7 versus 143 ± 64.3*

   

3D dispersion, Poincaré

Preterm non-CLDI infants versus term infants:

TV 1156 ± 906 versus 1073 ± 670

Preterm moderate/severe CLDI versus term infants:

TV 284 ± 253 versus 1073 ± 670*

 

Usemann et al. [44]

Full face mask, flowmeter

CV

Preterm versus term infants:

Rint 20.2 ± 8.4 versus 29.6 ± 14.9*

After major abdominal surgery

Van den Bosch et al. [56]

Impedance pneumography

CV

RR versus TV: 0.21 ± 0.06 versus 0.37 ± 0.12*

TV versus MV: 0.37 ± 0.12 versus 0.41 ± 0.12*

Organ dysfunction syndrome in ICU

Bradley et al. [63]

Capnography

CV

Before versus after sedation interruption, low MODS:

RR 0.17 ± 0.08 versus 0.28 ± 0.16*

Before versus after sedation interruption, high MODS:

RR 0.23 ± 0.12 versus 0.20 ± 0.12

   

RMSSD

Before versus after sedation interruption, low MODS:

RR 0.86 ± 0.53 versus 1.7 ± 1.3

Before versus after sedation interruption, high MODS:

RR 1.3 ± 0.79 versus 1.0 ± 0.79*

   

ApEn

Before versus after sedation interruption, low MODS:

RR 0.48 ± 0.16 versus 0.46 ± 0.15

Before versus after sedation interruption, high MODS:

RR 0.42 ± 0.16 versus 0.49 ± 0.17*

   

DFA, STC (α1)

Before versus after sedation interruption, low MODS:

RR 0.64 ± 0.19 versus 0.70 ± 0.15

Before versus after sedation interruption, high MODS:

RR 0.69 ± 0.09 versus 0.68 ± 0.17

   

DFA, LTC (α2)

Before versus after sedation interruption, low MODS:

RR 1.17 ± 0.78 versus 0.33 ± 0.41

Before versus after sedation interruption, high MODS:

RR 0.25 ± 0.22 versus 0.40 ± 0.35*

  1. CV coefficient of variation, TV tidal volume, MV minute ventilation, IT inspiratory time, BT breath time, RR respiratory rate, DFA detrended fluctuation analysis, STC short-term correlations, LTC long-term correlations, (R)MSSD (root) mean square of successive differences, SD standard deviation, LLE largest Lyapunov exponent (a measure of chaos), ApEn approximate entropy (a measure of regularity), AR autocorrelation at one breath lag, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, IE50 thoracoabdominal displacement rate at 50% of inspiratory displacement divided by thoracoabdominal expiratory displacement date at 50% of expiratory displacement, CSRmin minimum curve shape correlation, NLmin minimum noise limit, ET expiratory time, CLDI chronic lung disease of infancy Rint airway resistance with interrupter technique, MODS multiple organ dysfunction syndrome* P < 0.05
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