Table 1 Characteristics of the study population
Passive leg raising (n = 234) | Control (n = 211) | Absolute difference (95%CI), % | |
|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 70 (59–80) | 69 (57–77) | 1.0 (0.0 to 5.0) |
Sex (female) | 75 (32.1) | 52 (24.6) | 7.4 (− 0.9 to 15.7) |
Location of cardiac arrest | |||
Home | 169 (72.2) | 141 (66.8) | 5.4 (− 3.2 to 14.0) |
Public place | 55 (23.5) | 63 (29.9) | 5.52 (− 2.2 to 13.2) |
Witnessed status | |||
Bystander witnessed | 171 (73.4) | 148 (70.8) | 2.6 (− 6.0 to 10.9) |
Crew witnessed | 19 (8.1) | 11 (5.2) | 2.9 (− 1.7 to 7.5) |
Bystander CPR | 86 (37.1) | 80 (37.9) | − 0.8 (− 9.9 to 8.2) |
Initial assistance by BLS | 119 (71.7) | 102 (68.9) | 2.8 (− 7.4 to 12.9) |
Initial rhythm | |||
Shockable rhythm | 63 (26.9) | 64 (30.5) | − 3.5 (− 12.0 to 4.9) |
PEA | 4 (1.7) | 8 (3.8) | − 2.1 (− 5.2 to 0.1) |
Asystole | 167 (71.4) | 138 (65.7) | 5.6 (− 3.0 to 14.3) |
Treatment | |||
Adrenalin | 220 (94.0) | 195 (92.4) | 1.6 (− 3.1 to 6.3) |
Intubation | 192 (82.1) | 182 (86.7) | − 4.6 (− 11.3 to 2.1) |
Amiodarone | 40 (17.1) | 38 (18.0) | − 0.9 (− 8.0 to 6.2) |
Defibrillationa | 87 (37.2) | 92 (43.6) | − 6.4 (− 15.5 to 2.7) |
Number of defibrillation | 2 (1–4) | 3 (2–5) | − 0.6 (− 1.7 to 0.5) |
Mechanical chest compressions | 40 (17.1) | 37 (17.5) | − 0.4 (− 7.5 to 6.6) |
Initial ETCO2, mmHg | |||
Initial ETCO2 in all patients | 28 (14–48) | 27 (17–45) | 0.2 (− 5.7 to 6.0) |
Initial ETCO2 in patients with shockable rhythmb | 30 (22–53.5) | 26 (17.75–48) | 4.0 (− 5.0 to 14.0) |
Presumed cardiac arrest etiology | |||
Cardiac | 179 (76.5) | 144 (68.6) | 7.9 (− 0.4 to 16.2) |
Toxics | 1 (0.4) | 3 (1.4) | − 1.0 (− 2.8 to 0.8) |
Traumatic | 5 (2.1) | 8 (3.8) | − 1.7 (− 4.9 to 1.5) |
Respiratory | 13 (5.6) | 11 (5.2) | 0.3 (− 3.9 to 4.5) |
Neurologic | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 0.4 (− 0.4 to 1.2) |
Drowning | 6 (2.6) | 11 (5.2) | − 2.7 (− 6.3 to 1.0) |
Pulmonary embolism | 1 (0.4) | 2 (1.0) | − 0.5 (− 2.1 to 1.0) |
Others | 28 (12.0) | 31 (14.8) | − 2.8 (− 9.1 to 3.5) |
Delay | |||
Collapse to call EMS, min | 5 (2–11) | 4 (2–6) | 1.3 (− 0.2 to 3.0) |
Collapse to start CPR, min | 6 (2–11) | 8 (3–11) | − 2.0 (− 2.0 to 1.0) |
Collapse to first defibrillation, min | 14 (8–28) | 12 (8–21) | 1.5 (− 2.0 to 5.0) |
Call to EMS to EMS arrival, min | 10 (7–13) | 9 (7–11) | 0.6 (− 0.3 to 1.5) |