Table 1 Demographics, characteristics at ICU admission, progression of respiratory support and outcome
Overall N = 351 | Standard oxygen therapy N = 85 | High-flow oxygen therapy N = 87 | Non-invasive positive-pressure ventilation N = 87 | Invasive mechanical ventilation N = 92 | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Centers that employed each strategy | 49 (100) | 28 (57) | 21 (43) | 26 (53) | 35 (71) | |
Patient characteristics | ||||||
Age, years | 63 [55, 72] | 63 [53, 72] | 63 [55, 74] | 66 [55, 76] | 62 [55, 70] | 0.454 |
Male gender | 254 (73) | 63 (75) | 65 (75) | 62 (71) | 64 (71) | 0.861 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 28 [25, 31] | 28 [26, 32] | 27 [25, 32] | 26 [24, 29] | 29 [26, 31] | 0.029 |
Comorbidities | 167 (47) | 49 (57) | 40 (46) | 39 (44) | 39 (42) | 0.187 |
Ischemic heart disease | 35 (10) | 11 (12) | 7 (8) | 10 (11) | 7 (7) | 0.574 |
Diabetes mellitus | 90 (25) | 23 (27) | 26 (29) | 17 (19) | 24 (26) | 0.454 |
Chronic arterial hypertension | 153 (43) | 42 (49) | 34 (39) | 36 (41) | 41 (44) | 0.552 |
COPD | 41 (11) | 14 (16) | 10 (11) | 7 (8) | 10 (10) | 0.382 |
Immunosuppression† | 40 (11) | 7 (8) | 13 (14) | 7 (8) | 13 (14) | 0.311 |
On ICU admission | ||||||
Time from symptom onset to hospitalization, days | 7 [4, 10] | 7 [4, 10] | 7 [3, 10] | 6 [3, 10] | 7 [4, 9] | 0.797 |
Time from hospital admission to ICU, days | 1 [0, 3] | 1 [0, 3] | 1 [0, 3] | 2 [1, 4] | 1 [0, 3] | 0.233 |
APACHE score | 11 [7, 18] | 11 [7, 19] | 10 [6, 13] | 10 [7, 16] | 11 [8, 20] | 0.045 |
SAPS II score | 38 [30, 59] | 37 [30, 63] | 35 [27, 44] | 36 [29, 57] | 45 [35, 63] | <0.001 |
SOFA score | 7 [5, 8] | 7 [4, 7] | 6 [3, 7] | 6 [4, 7] | 7 [6, 8] | 0.245 |
Vasopressors | 32 (16) | 9 (15) | 5 (12) | 11 (25) | 7 (14) | 0.341 |
Lactate, mmol/L | 1.3 [0.9, 1.8] | 1.1 [0.9, 1.5] | 1.3 [0.9, 2] | 1.5 [1, 1.8] | 1.2 [0.9, 1.8] | 0.352 |
FiO2, % | 60 [50, 70] | 60 [60, 60] | 60 [44, 80] | 60 [48, 70] | 63 [45, 80] | 0.180 |
Respiratory rate, 1/min | 26 [22, 32] | 28 [24, 32] | 26 [22, 32] | 28 [24, 37] | 24 [21, 30] | 0.052 |
SpO2, % | 94 [91, 97] | 92 [90, 94] | 95 [92, 97] | 94 [91, 97] | 95 [92, 97] | 0.118 |
PaO2/FiO2, mmHg | 123 [92, 167] | 117 [105, 160] | 126 [79, 169] | 135 [97, 168] | 123 [90, 165] | 0.612 |
CRP, mg/L | 119 [33, 202] | 153 [94, 217] | 104 [31, 169] | 111 [28, 202] | 110 [23, 222] | 0.052 |
Interleukin-6, ng/L | 115 [56, 210] | 153 [41, 236] | 105 [82, 150] | 111 [70, 175] | 94 [50, 325] | 0.968 |
D-dimer, µg/L | 1146 [625, 2050] | 1250 [653, 1899] | 910 [505, 1628] | 1394 [838, 5825] | 1040 [638, 1905] | 0.234 |
Outcome | ||||||
Requirement of intubation | 234 (67) | 54 (64) | 45 (52) | 43 (49) | 92 (100) | <0.001 |
Withdrawal of life supporting therapies | 51 (15) | 14 (16) | 8 (9) | 15 (18) | 14 (17) | 0.408 |
ICU length of stay, days | 13 [6, 23] | 9 [3, 17] | 13 [6, 24] | 17 [8, 26] | 15 [9, 24] | <0.001 |
ICU mortality | 87 (25) | 15 (18) | 17 (20) | 32 (37) | 23 (25) | 0.016 |