From: Essential Noninvasive Multimodality Neuromonitoring for the Critically Ill Patient
Type of stimulation | Parameters | Normal values |
---|---|---|
Pupil constriction to light | Diameter (mm) | <0.5 mm |
Asymmetry (mm) | <0.5 mm | |
% Pupillary constriction to light (%PLR) | 35–40% | |
Latency (s) | ||
Constriction velocity (mm/s) | 1.5 mm/s (<1 mm/s: pathological) | |
Dilation velocity (mm/s) | 2.83 | |
Neurological pupillary index (NPi)∗ | ≥3 | |
Pupil dilation to pain | Pupillary dilation reflex (%)∗∗ | 33 |
Pupillary pain index∗∗ |