Table 1 General characteristics, hemodynamics, perfusion parameters, fluids, vasopressors, and outcomes for the propensity-matched cohort

 Age, years

64 (52–74)

63 (51–74)

65 (53–75)

0.55

 Weight, kg

69 (58–77)

70 (57–80)

65 (59–72)

0.08

 APACHE II

16 (13–21)

16 (13–19)

16 (13–23)

0.22

 SOFA day 1

9 (7–12)

9 (8–12)

10 (7–12)

0.93

  Lung

60 (32.4)

33 (35.9)

27 (29.0)

0.35

  Genitourinary

33 (17.7)

17 (18.3)

16 (17.2)

1.00

  Abdominal

64 (34.4)

29 (31.2)

35 (37.6)

0.44

  Soft tissue

17 (9.1)

9 (9.7)

8 (8.6)

1.00

  Bacteremia

39 (21.0)

17 (18.3)

22 (23.7)

0.47

  Other

11 (5.9)

7 (7.5)

4 (4.3)

0.54

 Origin

0.56

  Emergency room

135 (72.6)

66 (71.0)

69 (74.2)

  General ward

24 (12.9)

11 (11.8)

13 (14.0)

  Intensive care unit

27 (14.5)

16 (17.2)

11 (11.8)

  Hypertension

73 (39.2)

34 (36.6)

39 (41.9)

0.55

  Coronary disease

9 (4.8)

4 (4.3)

5 (5.4)

1.00

  Chronic heart failure

15 (8.1)

7 (7.5)

8 (8.6)

1.00

  ESRF

12 (6.5)

5 (5.4)

7 (7.5)

0.77

  Previous stroke

3 (1.6)

3 (3.2)

0 (0.0)

0.25

  Chronic atrial fibrillation

12 (6.5)

12 (6.5)

12 (6.5)

1.00

  Diabetes

36 (19.4)

18 (19.4)

18 (19.4)

1.00

  Cancer

38 (20.4)

21 (22.6)

17 (18.3)

0.59

  COPD

20 (10.8)

14 (15.1)

6 (6.5)

0.10

  Chronic use steroids

28 (15.1)

9 (9.7)

19 (20.4)

0.06

  Cirrhosis

12 (6.5)

4 (4.3)

8 (8.6)

0.16

  Acute myocardial infarction

3 (1.6)

2 (2.2)

1 (1.1)

1.00

  Acute heart failure

12 (6.5)

8 (8.6)

4 (4.3)

0.37

  Acute stroke

6 (3.2)

2 (2.2)

4 (4.3)

0.68

  Acute atrial fibrillation

9 (4.8)

2 (2.2)

7 (7.5)

0.17

Septic shock definition

0.19

 Sepsis + VP + hyperlactatemia, n (%)

127 (68.3)

64 (68.8)

63 (67.7)

 Sepsis + VP, n (%)

59 (31.7)

29 (31.2)

30 (32.3)

 Steroid use, n (%)

114 (61.3)

57 (61.3)

57 (61.3)

1.00

 Vasopressin use, n (%)

63 (33.9)

29 (31.2)

34 (36.6)

0.54

 Acute RRT

35 (27.6)

18 (28.1)

17 (27.0)

0.50

  From first hypotension to VPs

2 (0–4)

1 (0–2)

3 (2–5)

< 0.001

  From FRLoad to VPs

0 (0–3)

0 (0–1)

3 (1–4)

< 0.001

  From VPs to ICU admission

2 (0–4)

1 (0–3)

1 (0–4)

0.87

  From first hypotension to ICU admission

3 (1–4)

3 (1–4)

3 (2–4)

0.91

  From FRLoad to ICU admission

2 (0–4)

2 (1–3)

2 (1–3)

0.78

  From first hypotension to antibiotics

2 (0–5)

3 (1–5)

1 (−3–5)

0.04

  SAP

88 (78–98)

89 (79–100)

88 (77–97)

0.61

  DAP

47 (40–55)

47 (41–55)

47 (40–54)

0.90

  MAP

59 (54–65)

59 (54–67)

60 (55–66)

0.74

  HR

105 (90–118)

103 (90–118)

106 (90–118)

0.73

  PP

40 (30–53)

41 (31–54)

40 (30–50)

0.73

  DSI

2.26 (1.84–2.68)

2.13 (1.81–2.56)

2.12 (1.80–2.56)

0.91

  SAP

89 (82–102)

92 (83–102)

88 (82–100)

0.22

  DAP

48 (42–55)

48 (41–54)

48 (42–55)

0.85

  MAP

57 (55–66)

57 (56–59)

57 (55–59)

0.57

  HR

102 (87–118)

100 (87–118)

104 (89–117)

0.73

  PP

41 (32–53)

43 (31–55)

41 (34–50)

0.56

  DSI

2.17 (1.71–2.56)

2.17 (1.70–2.62)

2.17 (1.75–2.60)

0.83

 pH arterial

7.33 (7.26–7.39)

7.32 (7.25–7.39)

7.34 (7.26–7.39)

0.50

 BE arterial

− 8.0 (− 11.9 to − 4.1)

− 7.8 (− 11.4 to − 3.9)

− 8.2 (−12.0 to − 4.2)

0.43

 SvO₂, %, n

71.5 (64.5–79.5), 96

72.2 (62.8–80.5), 46

71.5 (68.0–78.5), 50

0.67

 Pv-aCO₂, mmHg, n

4.4 (3.5–6.4), 95

4.8 (3.8–6.1), 46

4.1 (3.5–6.4), 49

0.69

 PvaCO₂/Da-vO₂ ratio, n

1.41 (1.01–1.98), 79

1.44 (1.01–1.93), 41

1.38 (1.02–2.14), 39

0.87

 Lactate initial, mmol/L, n

2.4 (1.5–4.5), 186

2.4 (1.6–4.2), 93

2.6 (1.3–4.6), 93

0.84

 Lactate 6H, mmol/L

2.0 (1.1–3.8), 186

1.9 (1.1–3.2), 93

2.1 (1.1–4.0), 93

0.55

 Lactate 24H, mmol/L, n

1.7 (1.1–3.2), 158

1.6 (1.0–2.7), 80

1.9 (1.1–4.5), 78

0.04

 CVP at VP, mmHg, n

7 (5–12), 29

11 (7–13), 11

6 (4–9), 18

0.09

 CVP at 6H, mmHg, n

8 (5–12), 82

7 (5–12), 40

8 (5–12), 42

0.98

 CVP at 24H, mmHg, n

8 (6–13), 107

8 (6–12), 52

10 (6–15), 55

0.28

  FRLoad to VPs

590 (0–1565)

0 (0–500)

1500 (650–2300)

< 0.001

  VPs to 2H

1000 (450–1900)

500 (200–1100)

1700 (1000–2700)

< 0.001

  VPs to 4H

1230 (500–2350)

700 (300–1500)

1800 (1000–2880)

< 0.001

  VPs to 6H

1500 (750–2500)

900 (500–1500)

2000 (1400–3100)

< 0.001

  VPs to 8H

1750 (900–3000)

1100 (500–1900)

2600 (1600–3800)

< 0.001

  FRLoad to VPs

8.8 (0.0–25.0)

0.0 (0.0–8.8)

21.9 (9.0–37.0)

< 0.001

  VPs to 2H

16.0 (6.3–30.0)

7.3 (3.2–17.8)

25.0 (15.1–41.8)

< 0.001

  VPs to 4H

18.7 (8.1–33.3)

10.0 (4.3–21.6)

28.3 (17.1–45.4)

< 0.001

  VPs to 6H

23.1 (10.0–38.5)

12.5 (6.9–24.1)

28.6 (21.9–50.0)

< 0.001

  VPs to 8H

25.9 (12.5–44.5)

16.7 (8.6–27.3)

42.5 (24.3–58.1)

< 0.001

  VPs to 2H

175 (0–500)

200 (0–500)

0 (0–400)

0.16

  2H to 4H

0 (0–300)

0 (0–400)

0 (0–300)

0.92

  4H to 6H

0 (0–370)

0 (0–300)

0 (0–400)

0.11

  6H to 8H

0 (0–500)

0 (0–300)

300 (0–630)

< 0.001

  At FRLoad

552 (0–2507)

310 (0–1750)

340 (0–2500)

0.19

  At VPs

1989 (661–3700)

760 (10–2300)

2090 (920–3260)

< 0.001

  At 6H

2594 (1469–5055)

1760 (1070–3410)

2680 (1470–4480)

< 0.001

  At 24H

4762 (3197–7049)

3905 (2370–5100)

5400 (3790–7290)

< 0.001

 Norepinephrine max. dose, μg/kg/min

0.26 (0.13–0.48)

0.26 (0.11–0.45)

0.28 (0.15–0.53)

0.32

 Dobutamine max. dose, μg/kg/min, n

5.2 (3.0–10.2), 28

5.0 (3.7–7.0), 13

6.6 (3.0–11.6), 15

0.55

 LOS-ICU

9 (5–17)

9 (5–18)

8 (4–17)

0.30

 LOS-Hospital

16 (7–32)

17 (9–32)

15 (6–30)

0.11

 Mechanical ventilation-free days

22 (0–28)

23 (14–28)

21 (0–26)

0.03

 RRT-free days

6 (0–18)

8 (1–18)

1 (0–13)

0.26

 Mortality of 28 days, n (%)

53 (28.5)

17 (18.3)

36 (38.7)

0.03