Table 1 Studies comparing the incidence of acute kidney injury between patients exposed and unexposed to intravenous contrast medium in various acute care settings

Polena et al. [67]

ICU,

Retrospective cohort (single-centre)

N = 75

AKI: 18.6%

N = 75

AKI: 2%

None

Tremblay et al. [68]

Trauma centre;

Retrospective cohort (single-centre)

N = 56

AKI: 3%

N = 39

AKI: 16%

None

Proportion of ICU patients unclear

Oleinik et al. [69]

ED, patients with intracerebral haemorrhage;

Retrospective cohort (single-centre)

N = 368

AKI: 6%

OR 1.4 (95%CI 0.6–3.2)

N = 130

AKI: 14%

Multivariate regression

Proportion of ICU patients unclear

Lima et al. [70]

Stroke patients;

Retrospective cohort (single-centre)

N = 575

AKI: 5%

OR 0.42 (95%CI 0.24–0.71)

N = 343

AKI: 10%

Multivariate regression

Proportion of ICU patients unclear

Aulicky et al. [71]

Stroke patients;

Retrospective cohort (single-centre)

N = 164

AKI: 3%

N = 77

AKI: 4%

Multivariate regression

Proportion of ICU patients unclear

Mc Gillicuddy et al. [72]

Trauma centre, elderly trauma patients;

Retrospective cohort (single-centre)

N = 822

AKI: 1.9%

N = 249

AKI: 2.4%

None

Proportion of ICU patients unclear

Ng et al. [73]

ICU patients (oncology);

Retrospective cohort (single-centre)

N = 81

AKI: 17%

N = 81

AKI: 17%

1-to-1 matching on baseline serum creatinine, SOFA score and age

Cely et al. [19]

ICU;

Prospective cohort (single-centre)

N = 53

AKI: 9.4%

N = 53

AKI: 15%

1-to-1 matching on baseline creatinine clearance, diabetes, mechanical ventilation, vasopressor use

Sinert et al. [74]

ED patients with normal renal function;

Retrospective cohort (2 centres)

N = 773

AKI: 5.7%

N = 2956

AKI: 9.0%

None

Kim et al. [75]

ICU, trauma patients;

Retrospective cohort (single-centre)

N = 389

AKI: 30%

OR 0.99 (CI 95% 0.78–1.25)

N = 182

AKI: 29%

None

Ehrmann et al. [20]

ICU;

Prospective cohort (2 centres)

N = 146

AKI: 5.5%

N = 146

AKI: 5.5%

1-to-1 propensity score matching**

Christ et al. [76]

ICU patients after cardiac arrest;

Retrospective cohort

N = 89

AKI: 15.7%

N = 53

AKI: 37.7%

None

Gao et al. [77]

ICU;

Retrospective cohort (single-centre)

N = 474

AKI: 14.8%

OR 1.66 (95% CI 0.72–3.90)

N = 1,896

AKI: 12.4%

Multivariate regression

Sonhaye et al. [78]

ED;

Prospective cohort (single-centre)

N = 620

AKI: 3%

OR: 95%CI is missing

N = 672

AKI: 2%

Multivariate regression

Proportion of patients admitted to the ICU unclear

Heller et al. [79]

ED patients admitted to the hospital;

Retrospective cohort (single-centre)

N = 6954

AKI: 8.6%

N = 909

AKI: 9.6%

None

8% of patients admitted to the ICU

McDonald et al. [16]

ICU;

Retrospective cohort (single-centre)

N = 1223 with eGFR > 45

AKI: 31%

OR 1.21 (CI 95% 0.87–1.68)

N = 285 with eGFR ≤ 45

AKI: 50%

OR 0.88 (CI95% 0.75–1.05)

N = 1223 with eGFR > 45

AKI: 34%

N = 285 with eGFR ≤ 45

AKI: 45%

1-to-1 propensity score matching**

An increased risk of dialysis was observed in patients with pre-contrast eGFR ≤ 45 ml/min/1.73 m²

Hinson et al. [25]

ED patients admitted to the hospital;

Retrospective cohort (single-centre)

N = 7,201

AKI: 6.8%

OR 1.00 (95% CI 0.99–1.01)

N = 10,733

AKI: 8.5%

1-to-1 propensity-score matching**

ED critical care designation in 9% of patients

Proportion of patients admitted to the ICU unclear

Miyamoto et al. [17]

ICU, patients with sepsis-associated AKI receiving continuous RRT;

Retrospective cohort (national database)

N = 3485

Composite outcome (in-hospital death or RRT dependence at discharge):

49.6%

OR 0.98 (95% CI 0.88–1.07)

RRT dependence at discharge: 4.4%

OR 1.08 (95% CI 0.85–1.31) median duration of RRT: 4 [IQR 2–11] days

N = 3485

Composite outcome (in-hospital death or RRT dependence at discharge):

50.2%

RRT dependence at discharge: 4.1% median duration of RRT: 4 [IQR 2–11] days

1-to-1 propensity score matching**

Shih et al. [80]

ICU (subgroup analysis), patients with CKD;

Retrospective cohort (national database)

N = 51

30-day RRT: 25.5%

aHR 0.95 (95% CI 0.44–2.05)

N = 176

30-day RRT: 25.6%

Cox proportional hazard model adjusted for age, sex and comorbid conditions

Analysis of the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database

Goto et al. [81]

ICU (patients with sepsis and AKI);

Retrospective cohort (single-centre)

N = 100 further deterioration of renal function = 34%

N = 100 further deterioration of renal function = 35%

1-to-1 propensity score matching**

Hinson et al. [82]

ED, patients with sepsis;

Retrospective cohort (single-centre)

N = 1464

AKI: 7.2

OR 0.99 (95% CI 0.97–1.02)

N = 2707

AKI: 9.6%

1-to-1 propensity score matching**

ED critical care designation in 4% of patients

Proportion of patients admitted to the ICU unclear

McGaha et al. [83]

Paediatric trauma centre, severely injured patients;

Retrospective cohort (single-centre)

N = 164

AKI: 7.3%

N = 47

AKI: 8.5%

None

57% of patients admitted to the ICU

Williams et al. [18]

ICU;

Retrospective cohort (6-hospital health system)

N = 2306

AKI: 19.3%

OR 1.11 (95% CI 0.95–1.29)

N = 2306

AKI: 18.0%

1-to-1 propensity score matching**