Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the original-eligible population and weighted population
Original sample | Weighted sample | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HFNO (n = 144) | HFNO + awake-PP (n = 55) | P value | HFNO 68.43% | HFNO + awake-PP 31.57% | P value | |
Patients demographics and comorbidities | ||||||
Age | 63.0 [55.0–71.0]/144 | 60.0 [54.0–70.0]/55 | 0.38 | 60.3 | 60.9 | 0.82 |
Gender, female | 39/143 (27.3%) | 13/54 (24.1%) | 0.71 | 28.8% | 33.9% | 0.62 |
Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.3 [25.1–29.4]/120 | 26.8 [24.8–31.2]/49 | 0.75 | 28.6 | 28.2 | 0.66 |
Arterial Hypertension | 60/144 (41.7%) | 20/55 (36.4%) | 0.52 | 42.8% | 34.3% | 0.41 |
Diabetes Mellitus | 23/144 (16.0%) | 9/55 (16.4%) | 0.99 | 18.1% | 10.7% | 0.25 |
Chronic heart failure | 2/144 (1.4%) | 2/55 (3.6%) | 0.30 | 1.4% | 5.2% | 0.46 |
Chronic renal failure | 14/144 (9.7%) | 4/55 (7.3%) | 0.78 | 6.4% | 6.2% | 0.98 |
Asthma | 5/144 (3.5%) | 1/55 (1.8%) | 0.99 | 7.6% | 6.3% | 0.87 |
COPD | 6/144 (4.2%) | 4/55 (7.3%) | 0.46 | 4.2% | 8.2% | 0.44 |
Obesity | 25/120 (20.8%) | 17/49 (34.7%) | 0.07 | 30.2% | 32.4% | 0.82 |
Dyslipidemia | 15/144 (10.4%) | 4/55 (7.3%) | 0.59 | 8.1% | 4.5% | 0.38 |
Malignancy | 9/144 (6.3%) | 3/55 (5.5%) | 0.99 | 4.9% | 3.2% | 0.68 |
Medical treatment | ||||||
Anti-hypertensive agents | 62/144 (43.1%) | 19/55 (34.6%) | 0.33 | 43.9% | 35.9% | 0.45 |
Hypoglycemic agents | 18/144 (12.5%) | 7/55 (12.7%) | 0.99 | 17.8% | 17.0% | 0.92 |
Antiplatelet agents | 17/144 (11.8%) | 5/55 (9.1%) | 0.80 | 8.8% | 12.8% | 0.55 |
Anticoagulants | 10/144 (6.9%) | 1/55 (1.8%) | 0.29 | 10.7% | 1.2% | 0.014 |
Bronchodilators | 35/144 (24.3%) | 10/55 (18.2%) | 0.44 | 22.4% | 23.3% | 0.93 |
Lipid lowering agents | 8/144 (5.6%) | 3/55 (5.5%) | 0.99 | 7.8% | 3.2% | 0.32 |
Thyroid hormone replacement | 10/144 (6.9%) | 9/55 (16.4%) | 0.058 | 12.4% | 25.5% | 0.20 |
Immunossupressors | 9/144 (6.3%) | 1/55 (1.8%) | 0.29 | 4.1% | 0% | 0.050 |
Corticosteroids | 9/144 (6.3%) | 2/55 (3.6%) | 0.73 | 4.1% | 0% | 0.050 |
Chronology | ||||||
Days from symptom onset to hospital admission | 7.0 [4.0–9.0]/141 | 7.0 [4.0010.0]/55 | 0.75 | 7.4 | 7.6 | 0.79 |
Days from symptom onset to HFNO | 10.0 [8.0–13.0]/142 | 11.0 [8.0–13.0]/55 | 0.44 | 10.1 | 10.2 | 0.99 |
Symptoms at ICU admission | ||||||
Fever | 121/144 (84.0%) | 51/55 (92.7%) | 0.16 | 87.0% | 90.0% | 0.70 |
Cough | 94/144 (65.3%) | 36/55 (65.5%) | 0.99 | 69.3% | 62.2% | 0.50 |
Dyspnea | 92/144 (63.9%) | 39/55 (70.9%) | 0.40 | 62.4% | 73.8% | 0.23 |
Malaise | 57/144 (39.6%) | 27/55 (49.1%) | 0.26 | 42.1% | 56.3% | 0.19 |
Myalgia | 22/144 (15.3%) | 10/55 (18.2%) | 0.66 | 18.0% | 18.8% | 0.92 |
Headache | 12/144 (8.3%) | 6/55 (10.9%) | 0.58 | 7.8% | 5.8% | 0.64 |
Rhinorrhea | 1/144 (0.7%) | 1/55 (1.8%) | 0.47 | 1.1% | 3.3% | 0.52 |
Vomiting | 10/144 (6.9%) | 4/55 (7.3%) | 0.99 | 4.6% | 7.9% | 0.56 |
Arthralgia | 6/144 (4.2%) | 4/55 (7.3%) | 0.46 | 3.4% | 5.5% | 0.63 |
Chest pain | 12/144 (8.3%) | 1/55 (1.8%) | 0.11 | 9.2% | 0% | 0.006 |
Increased sputum | 14/144 (9.7%) | 6/55 (10.9%) | 0.79 | 7.7% | 11.0% | 0.57 |
Anosmia | 6/144 (4.2%) | 4/55 (7.3%) | 0.46 | 6.5% | 6.5% | 0.99 |
Pharyngodynia | 5/144 (3.5%) | 1/55 (1.8%) | 0.99 | 3.5% | 1.2% | 0.33 |
Diarrhea | 20/144 (13. 9%) | 9/55 (16.4%) | 0.65 | 15.8% | 15.0% | 0.91 |
Fatigue | 1/144 (0.7%) | 4/55 (7.3%) | 0.021 | 0% | 6.6% | 0.052 |
Scores | ||||||
APACHE II | 11.0 [8.0–14.0]/107 | 8.5 [6.0–13.0]/46 | 0.069 | 10.8 | 11.0 | 0.87 |
Non-respiratory SOFA | 4.0 [4.0–5.0]/116 | 4.0 [4.0–4.0]/46 | 0.11 | 4.6 | 4.7 | 0.93 |
Vital Signs | ||||||
Temperature, °C | 36.9 [36.1–37.6]/141 | 36.8 [36.2–37.3]/54 | 0.79 | 36.9 | 36.8 | 0.82 |
Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 87.3 [79.7–95.0]/142 | 85.8 [78.0–92.0]/54 | 0.10 | 89.1 | 82.9 | 0.006 |
Heart rate, bpm | 81.0 [73.0–91.0]/141 | 78.5 [66.0–88.0]/54 | 0.073 | 82.5 | 78.9 | 0.25 |
SpO2, % | 90.0 [88.0–94.0]/141 | 90.0 [88.0–92.0]/54 | 0.57 | 90.4 | 90.4 | 0.99 |
Respiratory rate, bpm | 25.0 [22.0–30.0]/136 | 23.0 [20.0–30.0]/54 | 0.081 | 25.7 | 25.5 | 0.87 |
Arterial blood gas | ||||||
PaO2/FiO2 | 111.0 [83.0–144.0]/124 | 125.0 [99.0–187.0]/51 | 0.037 | 123.9 | 148.2 | 0.12 |
PaCO2, mmHg | 33.1 [30.0–37.0]/129 | 34.7 [30.8–39.0]/51 | 0.23 | 34.7 | 34.0 | 0.54 |
Laboratory findings | ||||||
Ferritin, ng/mL | 1265 [755–1904]/87 | 934 [597–2092]/41 | 0.54 | 1640 | 1766 | 0.77 |
D-Dimer, ng/mL | 925 [600.0–1800]/114 | 931 [549–1790]/48 | 0.77 | 1605 | 1608 | 0.99 |
CRP, mg/dL | 16.82 [8.31–30.40]/131 | 21.51 [8.46–145.00]/53 | 0.20 | 56.39 | 57.7 | 0.93 |
Lymphocyte count, 10e3/μL | 0.61 [0.40–0.90]/132 | 0.61 [0.40–0.89]/53 | 0.82 | 0.8 | 0.7 | 0.60 |
IL-6, pg/mL | 135.0 [61.8–202.0]/17 | 93.0 [35.5–301.0]/11 | 0.20 | 186.6 | 134.4 | 0.47 |
LDH, U/L | 396.0 [331.0–480.0]/125 | 380.0 [313.0–528.0]/51 | 0.27 | 417.3 | 434.3 | 0.61 |
Leukocytes, 103/μL | 7.1 [5.0–11.2]/131 | 6.5 [4.4–9.0]/52 | 0.86 | 8.1 | 6.7 | 0.13 |
Procalcitonin, ng/mL | 0.2 [0.1–0.6]/99 | 0.1 [0.1–0.3]/39 | 0.17 | 0.7 | 0.3 | 0.071 |
Platelets, 1000/mm3 | 232.0 [152.0–342.0]/133 | 233.0 [153.0–274.0]/53 | 0.12 | 261.9 | 221.3 | 0.043 |
Bilirrubin, mg/dL | 0.6 [0.4–1.0]/124 | 0. 7 [0.5–0.9]/48 | 0.51 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 0.12 |
GPT, U/L | 43.5 [23.0–78.0]/130 | 37.0 [25.5–71.0]/52 | 0.73 | 65.5 | 62.6 | 0.84 |
Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.8 [0.6–1.1]/132 | 0.8 [0.7–1.0]/52 | 0.67 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 0.72 |
Urea, mg/dL | 36.0 [27.2–53.0]/76 | 33.6 [21.0–49.0]/42 | 0.39 | 45.5 | 33.7 | 0.019 |
Troponin, ng/mL | 14.0 [4.4–23.4]/69 | 8.0 [2.8–15.1]/33 | 0.061 | 17.3 | 13.2 | 0.46 |
NTproBNP, pg/mL | 418.0 [125.5–1529.0]/16 | 225.5 [50.0–1263.0]/6 | 0.33 | 760.1 | 731.9 | 0.94 |
Hematocrit, % | 38.0 [35.0–42.0]/126 | 40.7 [36.0–44.0]/50 | 0.041 | 38.7 | 39.4 | 0.63 |
Lactate, mmol/L | 1.5 [1.0–2.1]/82 | 1.6 [1.3–2.00]/33 | 0.36 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 0.97 |