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Table 1 Parameters of inflammation, circulation, and organ function in animals treated with either bacteria killed by cefuroxime alone (n = 4), live bacteria (n = 4), bacteria killed by heat (n = 4), or by a combination of cefuroxime + tobramycin (n = 4)

From: Mode of bacterial killing affects the inflammatory response and associated organ dysfunctions in a porcine E. coli intensive care sepsis model

.

Baseline before challenge

0 h

1 h

2 h

3 h

4 h

5 h

6 h

Inflammation

 Leucocyte count (109 × L−1), p all groups < 0.001; p cefur vs live NS; p cefur vs heat < 0.001; p cefur vs comb < 0.001

  Cefuroxime

12.0 ± 2.9

3.7 ± 2.1

3.7 ± 1.7

3.5 ± 2.2

4.7 ± 2.5

5.3 ± 2.4

6.7 ± 2.1

  Live bacteria

10.6 ± 6.3

5.3 ± 2.0

5.8 ± 1.3

7.3 ± 4.3

6.2 ± 1.3

5.9 ± 1.0

5.7 ± 1.1

  Heat

9.2 ± 3.0

5.8 ± 1.1

4.3 ± 1.7

4.9 ± 1.0

5.6 ± 1.1

7.2 ± 1.7

10.5 ± 2.4

  Cefuroxime + tobramycin

12.1 ± 3.6

6.9 ± 1.9

12.5 ± 4.2

12.4 ± 3.2

11.6 ± 2.2

11.1 ± 2.0

12.8 ± 2.5

 Hemoglobin (g × L−1), p all groups 0.016; p cefur vs live NS; p cefur vs heat NS; p cefur vs comb < 0.01

  Cefuroxime

74 ± 5

94 ± 9

100 ± 7

105 ± 12

106 ± 10

110 ± 14

109 ± 13

  Live bacteria

72 ± 3

82 ± 11

87 ± 14

95 ± 18

99 ± 13

95 ± 10

93 ± 7

  Heat

78 ± 8

96 ± 4

105 ± 6

108 ± 1

108 ± 6

104 ± 9

99 ± 5

  Cefuroxime + tobramycin

73 ± 4

83 ± 5

84 ± 7

93 ± 10

93 ± 11

89 ± 9

86 ± 8

Circulation

 Mean arterial pressure (mm Hg), p all groups NS

  Cefuroxime

95 ± 11

83 ± 13

86 ± 19

80 ± 23

80 ± 24

82 ± 20

67 ± 20

  Live bacteria

96 ± 11

78 ± 15

87 ± 11

88 ± 7

87 ± 10

88 ± 17

84 ± 18

  Heat

93 ± 13

92 ± 11

95 ± 21

82 ± 21

85 ± 23

75 ± 14

73 ± 10

  Cefuroxime + tobramycin

100 ± 9

100 ± 6

104 ± 6

113 ± 5

113 ± 9

104 ± 15

92 ± 18

 LVSWI (g × m × m−2), p all groups NS

  Cefuroxime

53 ± 1

31 ± 12

30 ± 17

20 ± 12

19 ± 10

19 ± 9

14 ± 8

  Live bacteria

56 ± 5

33 ± 8

34 ± 4

29 ± 7

26 ± 8

26 ± 6

25 ± 5

  Heat

57 ± 15

42 ± 5

34 ± 13

20 ± 10

24 ± 13

23 ± 7

21 ± 6

  Cefuroxime + tobramycin

59 ± 13

46 ± 15

40 ± 12

38 ± 12

43 ± 7

40 ± 7

35 ± 7

 Plasma lactate (mmol × L−1), p all groups NS

  Cefuroxime

1.7 ± 0.8

3.2 ± 2.2

3.4 ± 1.8

3.3 ± 1.7

3.3 ± 1.4

2.6 ± 1.3

2.2 ± 1.5

  Live bacteria

1.2 ± 0.8

1.8 ± 0.9

1.5 ± 0.5

1.8 ± 0.7

1.6 ± 0.6

1.3 ± 0.2

1.1 ± 0.1

  Heat

1.1 ± 0.2

1.4 ± 0.2

2.1 ± 0.7

2.3 ± 0.5

2.0 ± 1.1

1.6 ± 1.0

1.4 ± 0.9

  Cefuroxime + tobramycin

1.2 ± 0.1

1.6 ± 0.2

1.3 ± 0.2

1.6 ± 0.3

1.5 ± 0.3

1.1 ± 0.3

0.9 ± 0.1

Organ function

 Platelet count (109 × L−1), p all groups NS

  Cefuroxime

343 ± 117

366 ± 147

345 ± 135

258 ± 125

217 ± 165

237 ± 145

248 ± 152

  Live bacteria

314 ± 68

365 ± 57

360 ± 78

289 ± 85

304 ± 104

288 ± 97

279 ± 99

  Heat

259 ± 56

281 ± 35

212 ± 25

162 ± 38

194 ± 35

208 ± 26

218 ± 28

  Cefuroxime + tobramycin

286 ± 53

315 ± 48

300 ± 67

280 ± 59

283 ± 53

286 ± 53

282 ± 64

 PaO2/FiO2 (kPa), p all groups NS

  Cefuroxime

59 ± 10

47 ± 13

38 ± 16

25 ± 3

34 ± 16

38 ± 18

35 ± 16

  Live bacteria

58 ± 10

53 ± 18

45 ± 14

32 ± 23

31 ± 24

36 ± 19

34 ± 18

  Heat

60 ± 4

54 ± 12

37 ± 15

32 ± 17

32 ± 14

32 ± 9

32 ± 8

  Cefuroxime + tobramycin

60 ± 9

58 ± 10

53 ± 10

45 ± 13

36 ± 14

36 ± 6

34 ± 6

 Static pulmonary compliance (mL × cmH2O−1), p all groups NS

  Cefuroxime

24 ± 7

20 ± 5

19 ± 7

15 ± 3

15 ± 5

17 ± 4

16 ± 3

  Live bacteria

25 ± 5

20 ± 4

18 ± 5

16 ± 5

16 ± 5

16 ± 5

16 ± 3

  Heat

21 ± 3

18 ± 3

15 ± 4

15 ± 1

16 ± 1

16 ± 1

16 ± 1

  Cefuroxime + tobramycin

23 ± 2

21 ± 2

21 ± 2

19 ± 2

19 ± 1

18 ± 1

18 ± 1

 Plasma creatinine (μmol × L−1) p KW all groups 3 h NS; p KW all groups 6 h NS

  Cefuroxime

85 (71–90)

78 (68–88)

76 (65–83)

77 (62–90)

91 (58–112)

101 (59–138)

120 (60–159)

  Live bacteria

66 (61–121)

64 (61–119)

63 (59–117)

64 (58–110)

66 (60–104)

73 (63–91)

79 (68–90)

  Heat

67 (60–70)

67 (61–69)

62 (59–67)

69 (64–74)

75 (65–92)

81 (69–95)

88 (74–95)

  Cefuroxime + tobramycin

77 (65–84)

76 (63–81)

74 (62–79)

72 (61–78)

72 (64–83)

77 (69–85)

79 (60–88)

 Urine output (ml × h−1) p KW all groups 3 h NS; p KW all groups 6 h NS

  Cefuroxime

55 (44–600)

160 (65–480)

84 (65–95)

59 (11–160)

28 (6–60)

16 (10–33)

16 (0–35)

  Live bacteria

110 (16–120)

310 (70–490)

65 (45–150)

70 (33–80)

46 (25–70)

35 (17–65)

27 (5–38)

  Heat

99 (53–216)

260 (95–500)

183 (60–280)

140 (17–280)

70 (1–190)

67 (0–280)

40 (0–1)

  Cefuroxime + tobramycin

43 (16–88)

145 (75–180)

98 (55–210)

78 (70–85)

80 (70–180)

62 (22–95)

83 (70–240)

  1. NS not significant, LVSWI left ventricular stroke work index, PaO2/FiO2 oxygen fraction ratio, KW Kruskal-Wallis test
  2. Mean ± SD or median (range). p values are the result of the group-by-time interaction in the repeated-measures ANOVA (0–6 h) or the Kruskal-Wallis test for non-parametric parameters at 3 h and 6 h
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Critical Care

ISSN: 1364-8535