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Table 1 Characteristics of metformin users and nonusers

From: Metformin use and early lactate levels in critically ill patients according to chronic and acute renal impairment

Characteristic

Total (N = 20,741)

Metformin users (N = 1905)

Metformin nonusers (N = 18,836)

SMD*

Age, median [IQR], years

69 [58–77]

70 [63–76]

69 [58–77]

0.24

Male sex

11,697 (56)

1193 (63)

10,504 (56)

0.14

Charlson Comorbidity Index

   

0.52

 0

6894 (33)

305 (16)

6589 (35)

 

 1 or 2

8147 (39)

737 (39)

7410 (39)

 

 3 or higher

5700 (27)

863 (45)

4837 (26)

 

Diabetes mellitus

4594 (22)

1903 (100)

2691 (14)

3.45

 Sulfonylureas

476 (2)

250 (13)

226 (1)

0.48

 Insulin

1473 (7)

443 (23)

1030 (5)

0.52

 Other antihyperglycemic agents

445 (2)

259 (14)

186 (1)

0.50

Preadmission eGFR, median [IQR], ml/min/1.73 m2

80 [58–95]

77 [58–92]

80 [58–95]

0.07

 ≥ 60 ml/min/1.73 m2

12,892 (62)

1345 (71)

11,547 (61)

0.48

 45–60 ml/min/1.73 m2

2189 (11)

278 (15)

1911 (10)

 

 ≤ 45 ml/min/1.73 m2

2442 (12)

221 (12)

2221 (12)

 

 Missing

3218 (16)

61 (3)

3157 (17)

 

ICU admission type

   

0.20

 Medical

9942 (48)

1019 (53)

8923 (47)

 

 Emergency surgical

6344 (31)

456 (24)

5888 (31)

 

 Elective surgical

3149 (15)

345 (18)

2804 (15)

 

 Missing

1306 (6)

85 (4)

1221 (6)

 

Time from hospital admission to ICU admission, median [IQR], h†

5.1 [0.0–30.5]

5.3 [0.0–29.4]

5.1 [0.0–30.7]

0.06

SAPS-II score, median [IQR]

40 [30–52]

42 [31–53]

40 [30–52]

0.09

 Missing

11,456 (55)

1024 (54)

10,432 (55)

 

Mechanical ventilation

9305 (45)

815 (43)

8490 (45)

0.05

Inotropes or vasopressors

8943 (43)

854 (45)

8089 (43)

0.04

Renal replacement therapy

1257 (6)

152 (8)

1105 (6)

0.09

AKI stage within 24 h

   

0.47

 No AKI

10,597 (51)

982 (52)

9615 (51)

 

 1

3584 (17)

388 (20)

3196 (17)

 

 2

1436 (7)

198 (10)

1238 (7)

 

 3

1877 (9)

261 (14)

1616 (9)

 

 Missing

3247 (16)

76 (4)

3171 (17)

 

30-day mortality

4367 (21)

346 (18)

4021 (21)

0.08

  1. Data are expressed as no. (%) or median [IQR]
  2. *As general guidance, it is suggested that effect sizes are likely to be “small” when an SMD approximates 0.2, likely to be “medium” when an SMD is 0.5, and “large” when an SMD is higher than 0.8
  3. †In total, data are missing for 19 (0.1%) patients
  4. SMD standardized mean difference, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ICU intensive care unit, SAPS-II Simple Acute Physiology Score II, AKI acute kidney injury
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Critical Care

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