Fig. 1

Longitudinal energy expenditure, VO2/VCO2, and clinical care and SOFA score in intubated COVID-19 ICU patients over first 3 ICU weeks post-intubation. a Resting absolute energy expenditure over time in intubated patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. b Resting VO₂, VCO₂, and RER over time in intubated patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. c Resting energy expenditure over time in intubated non-obese patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. d Resting energy expenditure over time in intubated non-obese and obese patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. e Resting energy expenditure over time in intubated obese patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. f Percentage (%) of intubated patients with SARS-CoV-2 who were in prone position or paralyzed with neuromuscular blockers throughout study. Total number of subjects at any time point still participating in the study is presented in blue. g SOFA scores over time in intubated patients with SARS-CoV-2. Notes: (i) Longitudinal data presented as fitted regression curves (locally weighted scatter plot smoothing, with a 10-point smoothing window) with 72 h measured REE values presented as mean (sd), p values are for MANOVA comparing both differences over time (longitudinal) and at individual time points. (ii) Metabolic cart measurements were able to be conducted on patients with an FiO2 < 70% per manufacturer specifications and as described in new generation metabolic cart (QNRG) validation study reference [5]. (iii) Abbreviations: VO2, volume of oxygen consumed per minute; VCO2, volume of carbon dioxide consumed per minute; obesity, BMI > 30–50, non-obese, BMI < 30; REE, resting energy expenditure; kCal, kilocalories; RER, respiratory exchange ratio; ASPEN, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition