Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population. Data represented as mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables and n (%) for categorical variables
Overall (n = 1002) | MAP < 65 mmHg (n = 186) | MAP 65–75 mmHg (n = 426) | MAP ≥ 75 mmHg (n = 390) | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||||
Age | 67.7 ± 13.8 | ||||
Female gender | 365 (36.4%) | 75 (40.3%) | 156 (36.6%) | 134 (34.4%) | 0.38 |
White race | 921 (91.9%) | 173 (93.0%) | 385 (90.4%) | 363 (93.1%) | 0.31 |
Body mass index | 29.3 ± 6.8 | 29.9 ± 8.1 | 29.1 ± 6.4 | 29.5 ± 6.6 | 0.59 |
Severity of illness | |||||
APACHE-III score | 86.2 ± 33.0 | 100.8 ± 35.3 | 87.5 ± 32.0 | 77.9 ± 30.2 | < 0.0001 |
APACHE-IV predicted mortality | 0.38 ± 0.29 | 0.48 ± 0.29 | 0.40 ± 0.29 | 0.32 ± 0.28 | < 0.0001 |
SOFA score | 7.6 ± 4.2 | 9.5 ± 4.4 | 7.9 ± 4.1 | 6.4 ± 3.8 | < 0.0001 |
Maximum week 1 SOFA score | 8.4 ± 4.2 | 10.0 ± 4.4 | 8.7 ± 4.1 | 7.3 ± 3.9 | < 0.0001 |
Cardiovascular SOFA score | 2.5 ± 1.3 | 3.0 ± 1.2 | 2.6 ± 1.2 | 2.1 ± 1.3 | < 0.0001 |
Comorbidities | |||||
Charlson Comorbidity Index | 2.4 ± 2.5 | 2.84 ± 2.7 | 2.4 ± 2.5 | 2.1 ± 2.4 | 0.01 |
Prior myocardial infarction | 200 (20.0%) | 35 (18.8%) | 95 (22.4%) | 70 (18.1%) | 0.29 |
Prior heart failure | 193 (19.4%) | 48 (25.8%) | 90 (21.2%) | 55 (14.3%) | 0.002 |
Prior hypertension | 348 (34.7%) | 64 (34.4%) | 145 (34.0%) | 139 (35.6%) | 0.89 |
Prior diabetes mellitus | 287 (28.8%) | 60 (32.3%) | 119 (28.0%) | 108 (28.0%) | 0.51 |
Prior CKD | 202 (20.2%) | 49 (26.3%) | 82 (19.3%) | 71 (18.4%) | 0.07 |
Prior dialysis | 88 (8.8%) | 32 (17.2%) | 34 (8.0%) | 22 (5.6%) | 0.0001 |
Prior stroke | 121 (12.1%) | 23 (12.4%) | 58 (13.7%) | 40 (10.4%) | 0.36 |
Prior cancer | 214 (21.5%) | 54 (29.0%) | 97 (22.8%) | 63 (16.3%) | 0.002 |
Admission diagnoses | |||||
Cardiac arrest | 379 (37.8%) | 63 (33.9%) | 149 (35.0%) | 167 (42.8%) | 0.03 |
Sepsis | 199 (19.9%) | 46 (24.7%) | 96 (22.5%) | 57 (14.6%) | 0.003 |
Respiratory failure | 645 (64.4%) | 115 (61.8%) | 288 (67.6%) | 242 (62.1%) | 0.18 |
Acute coronary syndrome | 599 (59.8%) | 98 (52.7%) | 260 (61.0%) | 241 (61.8%) | 0.09 |
Heart failure | 740 (73.9%) | 139 (74.7%) | 326 (76.5%) | 275 (70.5%) | 0.14 |
SCAI cardiogenic shock stage | |||||
Stage A | 151 (15.1%) | 7 (3.8%) | 63 (14.8%) | 81 (20.8%) | < 0.0001 |
Stage B | 336 (33.5%) | 50 (26.9% | 146 (34.3%) | 140 (35.9%) | < 0.0001 |
Stage C | 116 (11.6%) | 19 (10.2%) | 41 (9.6%) | 56 (14.4%) | < 0.0001 |
Stage D | 329 (32.8%) | 84 (45.2%) | 150 (35.2%) | 95 (24.4%) | < 0.0001 |
Stage E | 70 (7.0%) | 26 (14.0%) | 26 (6.1%) | 18 (4.6%) | < 0.0001 |
CICU admission clinical parameters | |||||
Heart rate (HR, beats per minute) | 90.7 ± 24.1 | 93.8 ± 26.8 | 91.3 ± 23.7 | 88.6 ± 22.9 | 0.09 |
Systolic blood pressure (SBP, mmHg) | 110.8 ± 27.8 | 97.0 ± 24.0 | 105.9 ± 23.6 | 120.0 ± 30.6 | < 0.0001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 65.3 ± 18.8 | 56.9 ± 15.9 | 63.9 ± 17.0 | 71.8 ± 19.7 | < 0.0001 |
Mean arterial pressure (first 24 h, mmHg) | 73.4 ± 10.1 | 68.5 ± 18.0 | 76.9 ± 17.3 | 87.4 ± 20.9 | < 0.0001 |
Shock index (HR/SBP) | 0.86 ± 0.30 | 1.0 ± 0.31 | 0.87 ± 0.3 | 0.79 ± 0.9 | < 0.0001 |
Oxygen saturation (%) | 92.9 ± 10.9 | 91.3 ± 12.1 | 92.6 ± 11.6 | 93.9 ± 9.2 | 0.006 |
Admission laboratory values | |||||
Sodium | 137.0 ± 5.1 | 137.1 ± 5.9 | 136.7 ± 5.0 | 137.3 ± 4.8 | 0.11 |
Potassium | 4.3 ± 0.9 | 4.4 ± 0.9 | 4.4 ± 0.87 | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 0.08 |
Bicarbonate | 21.2 ± 5.2 | 20.9 ± 6.0 | 21.0 ± 5.1 | 21.5 ± 4.8 | 0.18 |
Anion gap | 14.1 ± 4.8 | 16.4 ± 6.0 | 13.7 ± 4.8 | 13.8 ± 4.0 | < 0.0001 |
Creatinine | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 2.2 ± 1.6 | 1.5 ± 1.0 | 1.3 ± 0.8 | < 0.0001 |
Hemoglobin | 12.1 ± 2.4 | 11.1 ± 2.1 | 12.0 ± 2.3 | 12.7 ± 2.4 | < 0.0001 |
Lactate | 3.9 ± 3.7 | 5.1 ± 4.6 | 3.6 ± 3.4 | 3.7 ± 3.4 | 0.009 |
Troponin (initial) | 2.3 ± 4.5 | 2.7 ± 6.6 | 2.2 ± 4.2 | 2.1 ± 3.8 | 0.48 |
Troponin (peak during hospital stay) | 3.9 ± 6.7 | 4.5 ± 8.9 | 3.9 ± 6.8 | 3.7 ± 5.4 | 0.57 |
Procedures and therapies | |||||
Number of vasoactive drugs | 1.5 ± 1.3 | 2.0 ± 1.4 | 1.6 ± 1.2 | 1.1 ± 1.3 | < 0.0001 |
Vasopressors | 722 (72.1%) | 161 (86.6%) | 332 (77.9%) | 229 (58.7%) | < 0.0001 |
Inotropes | 282 (28.1%) | 68 (36.6%) | 123 (28.9%) | 91 (23.3%) | < 0.0001 |
Peak vasoactive infusion score (VIS) | 26.1 ± 54.3 | 47.6 ± 79.0 | 23.8 ± 46.3 | 18.5 ± 44.7 | < 0.0001 |
Invasive ventilation | 599 (59.8%) | 105 (56.5%) | 269 (63.2%) | 225 (57.7%) | 0.17 |
Noninvasive ventilation | 241 (24.1%) | 42 (22.6%) | 118 (27.7%) | 81 (20.8%) | 0.06 |
Dialysis | 101 (10.1%) | 27 (14.5%) | 43 (10.1%) | 31 (8.0%) | 0.05 |
Intra-aortic balloon pump | 389 (38.8%) | 41 (22.0%) | 193 (45.3%) | 155 (39.7%) | < 0.0001 |
Pulmonary artery catheter | 240 (24.0%) | 40 (21.5%) | 112 (26.3%) | 88 (22.6%) | 0.32 |
Coronary angiogram | 647 (64.6%) | 97 (52.2%) | 275 (64.6) | 275 (70.5%) | < 0.0001 |
Percutaneous coronary intervention | 325 (32.4%) | 48 (25.8%) | 142 (33.3%) | 135 (34.6%) | 0.09 |
Impella® | 8 (0.8%) | 2 (1.1%) | 5 (1.2%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0.25 |
ECMO | 2 (0.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (0.5%) | 0.21 |
Outcomes | |||||
Severe acute kidney injury during CICU stay | 314 (36.5%) | 63 (46.0%) | 139 (36.7%) | 112 (32.5%) | 0.02 |
Severe acute kidney injury during hospital | 392 (43.6%) | 71 (49.3%) | 172 (44.1%) | 149 (40.9%) | 0.22 |
CICU length of stay | 4.3 ± 7.3 | 4.5 ± 14.1 | 4.6 ± 4.8 | 3.8 ± 3.8 | < 0.0001 |
Hospital length of stay | 13.1 ± 18.1 | 14.4 ± 25.4 | 13.7 ± 18.5 | 11.7 ± 12.5 | 0.02 |
CICU mortality | 234 (23.3%) | 80 (43.0%) | 81 (19.0%) | 73 (18.7%) | < 0.0001 |
Hospital mortality | 338 (33.7%) | 106 (57.0%) | 127 (29.8%) | 105 (26.9%) | < 0.0001 |