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Table 2 Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses of the differences in HRQoL outcomes between study groups

From: Health-related quality of life of children and their parents 2 years after critical illness: pre-planned follow-up of the PEPaNIC international, randomized, controlled trial

HRQoL outcomes assessed at 2 years’ follow-up

No. (%) available data per outcome (N = 1191)

Beta-estimate (95% CI) for the comparison of patients vs. controls, adjusted for risk factorsa

p value

Beta-estimate (95% CI) for the comparison late-PN vs. early-PN, adjusted for risk factorsb

p value

Parent-reported HRQoL in children (ITQOL & CHQ-PF50)

 Physical functioning

960 (81)

− 6.34 (− 8.59 to − 4.10)

< 0.001

1.32 (− 1.54 to 4.17)

0.36

 Bodily pain

967 (81)

− 6.81 (− 9.54 to − 4.07)

< 0.001

1.20 (− 2.32 to 4.73)

0.50

 General behavior

967 (81)

− 1.87 (− 3.88 to 0.14)

0.07

2.28 (− 0.01 to 4.57)

0.05

 General health

961 (81)

− 27.20 (− 29.91 to − 24.49)

< 0.001

2.92 (− 0.47 to 6.31)

0.09

 Change in health

965 (81)

12.94 (9.93–15.95)

< 0.001

− 0.88 (− 4.37 to 2.61)

0.62

 Parental impact—emotional

964 (81)

− 7.92 (− 10.50 to − 5.33)

< 0.001

2.40 (− 0.80 to 5.60)

0.14

 Parental impact—time

965 (81)

− 5.41 (− 8.07 to − 2.76)

< 0.001

3.05 (− 0.37 to 6.47)

0.08

 Family activity

960 (81)

− 6.18 (− 8.78 to − 3.58)

< 0.001

3.58 (0.32–6.84)

0.03

 Family cohesion

962 (81)

− 2.25 (− 4.97 to 0.47)

0.10

0.70 (− 2.41 to 3.81)

0.66

Parent-reported HRQoL in children 2.5 to 3 years only (ITQOL)

 Temperament and moods

548 (83)

− 1.14 (− 3.46 to 1.17)

0.33

− 0.33 (− 2.87 to 2.20)

0.80

 Growth and development

547 (83)

− 3.09 (− 6.02 to − 0.15)

0.04

1.56 (− 1.52 to 4.65)

0.32

 Getting along

543 (82)

− 0.25 (− 2.53 to 2.03)

0.83

1.56 (− 0.82 to 3.94)

0.20

Parent-reported HRQoL in children aged 4–18 years only (CHQ-PF50)

 Role functioning emotional/behavior

425 (80)

− 6.73 (− 12.86 to − 0.60)

0.03

− 1.26 (− 7.30 to 4.79)

0.68

 Role functioning due to physical problems

424 (80)

− 7.87 (− 14.35 to − 1.39)

0.02

0.71 (− 5.00 to 6.43)

0.81

 Mental health

425 (80)

− 5.28 (− 8.45 to − 2.11)

0.001

0.01 (− 3.62 to 3.65)

0.99

 Self-esteem

426 (80)

− 2.34 (− 6.20 to 1.51)

0.23

1.08 (− 2.28 to 4.45)

0.53

Parent-reported HRQoL in children (HUI2; single utility scores)

 Sensation

959 (80)

− 0.03 (− 0.06 to  0.00)

0.03

0.02 (− 0.02 to 0.06)

0.30

 Mobility

959 (80)

− 0.02 (− 0.04 to 0.01)

0.007

0.01 (− 0.02 to 0.023)

0.62

 Emotions

962 (81)

− 0.01 (− 0.02 to 0.00)

0.06

0.00 (− 0.02 to 0.01)

0.43

 Cognition

958 (80)

− 0.01 (− 0.02 to 0.00)

0.13

0.01 (− 0.01 to 0.03)

0.26

 Self-care

960 (81)

− 0.04 (− 0.08 to 0.00)

0.03

0.01 (− 0.04 to 0.05)

0.83

 Pain

961 (81)

0.00 (− 0.02 to 0.01)

0.56

0.00 (− 0.02 to 0.02)

0.66

 Multi-attribute utility function on dead-healthy scale

944 (79)

− 0.04 (− 0.06 to − 0.02)

< 0.001

0.01 (− 0.01 to 0.03)

0.40

Parent-reported HRQoL in children (HUI3; single utility scores)

 Vision

958 (80)

0.00 (− 0.01 to 0.01)

0.96

0.00 (− 0.02 to 0.01)

0.77

 Hearing

961 (81)

0.00 (− 0.02 to 0.02)

0.80

0.01 ( − 0.02 to 0.03)

0.57

 Speech

960 (81)

− 0.04 (− 0.07 to 0.01)

0.01

0.02 (− 0.01 to 0.06)

0.21

 Ambulation

959 (80)

− 0.04 (− 0.06 to − 0.01)

0.002

0.01 (− 0.02 to 0.04)

0.45

 Dexterity

962 (81)

− 0.01 (− 0.04 to 0.01)

0.24

0.01 (− 0.03 to 0.04)

0.71

 Emotions

962 (81)

− 0.007 (− 0.01 to 0.00)

0.05

0.00 (− 0.01 to 0.00)

0.41

 Cognition

944 (79)

− 0.01 (− 0.03 to 0.00)

0.15

0.01 (− 0.02 to 0.04)

0.52

 Pain

961 (81)

− 0.01 (− 0.03 to 0.01)

0.25

0.00 (− 0.02 to 0.03)

0.71

 Multi-attribute utility function on dead-healthy scale

931 (78)

− 0.06 (− 0.09 to − 0.03)

< 0.001

0.02 (− 0.02 to 0.05)

0.33

HRQoL of parents (SF-12)

 Physical component score

938 (79)

− 0.38 (− 1.57 to 0.82)

0.53

0.66 (− 0.75 to 2.08)

0.36

 Mental component score

938 (79)

− 0.88 (− 2.22 to 0.45)

0.19

1.12 (− 0.47 to 2.71)

0.17

  1. Results are the combined beta estimates (95% confidence interval) from 21 datasets generated by multiple data imputation by chained equations under a “missing at random” assumption for the 786 post-PICU patients and 405 healthy control children. p values were considered statistically significant with two-tailed p values of less than .05 in which case they are expressed in bold. For a description of the subscales see, Additional file 5. Some parents did not complete all questions of a domain which resulted in differences between sample sizes on the subscales
  2. aEstimates were adjusted for the following risk factors: age, center, race, gender, geographic origin, language, hand preference, history of malignancy, diabetes, a predefined “syndrome”, and the educational and occupational status of parents
  3. bEstimates were adjusted for the following risk factors: age, center, race, gender, geographic origin, language, hand preference, history of malignancy, diabetes, a predefined “syndrome”, the educational and occupational status of parents, PIM3 score and PeLOD score upon PICU admission, STRONGkids risk category, and parental smoking behavior prior to PICU admission
  4. Abbreviations: HRQoL Health-related quality of life, PN parenteral nutrition, CI confidence interval, PICU pediatric intensive care unit, ITQOL infant toddler quality of life questionnaire, CHQ-PF50 Child Health Questionnaire-Parent Form 50, HUI healthy utility index, SF-12 short form 12
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Critical Care

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