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Table 1 Baseline characteristics, patients with and without invasive group A streptococcus. Values are median (Q1–Q3) or number (%)

From: Morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients with invasive group A streptococcus infection: an observational study

 

Non-iGAS, n = 968

iGAS, n = 53

p valuea

Age (years)

68 (59–76)

63 (50–70)

0.008*

Female

421 (44)

20 (38)

0.48

SAPS 3b score

71 (61–81)

62 (56–72)

< 0.001*

SAPS 3 EMRc (%)

40 (21–61)

22 (14–42)

< 0.001*

Septic shock (Sepsis 3)d

486 (50)

32 (60)

0.16

Comorbidities

 Malignancye

154 (16)

3 (5.7)

0.049*

 Blood malignancyf

91 (9.4)

1 (1.9)

0.08

 Cirrhosisg

30 (3.1)

3 (5.7)

0.24

 Heart failureh

82 (8.5)

2 (3.8)

0.31

 Immunosuppressioni

105 (11)

2 (3.8)

0.11

Origin of admission

 General ward

527 (54)

21 (40)

0.047*

 Emergency department

230 (24)

18 (34)

0.10

 Operating room

77 (8)

8 (15)

0.074

 Other ICUj

106 (11)

5 (9.4)

1.00

 Postoperative care unit

26 (2.7)

1 (1.9)

1.00

Reason for admissionk

 Cardiovascularl

145 (15)

38 (72)

< 0.001*

 Hepatic

56 (5.8)

1 (1.9)

0.36

 Abdominalm

176 (18)

9 (17)

1.00

 CNSn

164 (17)

12 (23)

0.27

 Renal

320 (33)

21 (40)

0.37

 Pulmonary

206 (21)

17 (32)

0.09

 Metabolic

189 (20)

9 (17)

0.72

 Not coded

124 (13)

4 (7.5)

0.39

Physiological and laboratory variables at admissiono

 Heart rate

107 (93–122)

108 (94–125)

0.85

 SBPp (mmHg)

103 (86–126)

104 (86–121)

0.94

 Lactate (mmol/L)

2.6 (1.5–4.5)

2.5 (1.8–4.9)

0.55

 Norepinephrine (μg/min/first 6 h)

2.3 (0–7.7)

2.6 (0–12)

0.10

 Temperature (°C)

37.2 (36.5–38.0)

37.5 (36.9–38.0)

0.10

 Leucocytes (× 109/L)

11 (5.2–19)

10.5 (5.1–18)

0.78

 Platelets (×109/L)

160 (92–265)

163 (107–208)

0.42

 pH

7.36 (7.27–7.43)

7.36 (7.29–7.42)

0.92

 Bilirubin (μmol/L)

15 (9.0–26)

14 (8.0–21)

0.49

 Creatinine (μmol/L)

133 (86–208)

173 (100–311)

0.02*

 APTTq (s)

40 (33–51)

38 (34–44)

0.19

 PK-INRr

1.4 (1.2–1.7)

1.3 (1.2–1.4)

0.004*

  1. aFisher’s exact test or Mann-Whitney, *p ≤ 0.05
  2. bSimplified Acute Physiology Score 3
  3. cEstimated mortality rate
  4. dAll patients included in the study were diagnosed with severe sepsis or septic shock according to Sepsis 2 definition. Patients in both groups were also described as having septic shock (Sepsis 3) or not
  5. eCancer spread beyond the regional lymph nodes
  6. fLymphoma, acute leukaemia or myeloma
  7. gBiopsy confirmed or clinical signs of portal hypertension
  8. hNYHA class IV (fatigue, dyspnea, angina at rest)
  9. iChronic steroid treatment correlative to ≥ 0.3 mg/kg prednisolone/day, radiation or chemotherapy
  10. jIntensive care unit
  11. kPatients may have multiple reasons for admission
  12. lHypovolemia, cardiac shock, mixed shock, anaphylactic shock, arrhythmia or cardiac arrest
  13. mGastrointestinal bleeding, acute abdomen or pancreatitis
  14. nConvulsions, decreased consciousness, coma, delirium or intracranial volume effect
  15. oBlood samples taken within 90 min after admission
  16. pSystolic blood pressure
  17. qActivated partial thromboplastin time
  18. rProthrombin time-international normalised ratio
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