Table 1 Characteristics, presentation and outcome of ventilated patients with COVID-19 and flu-related ARDS
From: Cardiovascular phenotypes in ventilated patients with COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome
|  | COVID-19 (n = 18) | Flu (n = 23) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
Patients’ characteristics | |||
 Age, years | 70 (57–75) | 58 (49–64) | 0.006 |
 Male (%) | 12 (67) | 12 (52) | 0.524 |
 BMI, kg/m2 | 29 (26–32) | 29 (25–34) | 0.519 |
 Hypertension (%) | 11 (61) | 10 (43) | 0.350 |
 Diabetes mellitus (%) | 4 (22) | 3 (13) | 0.679 |
 Time from illness onset to ICU admission, days | 11 (7–13) | 5 (4–10) | 0.017 |
 Time from illness onset to intubation, days | 12 (8–15) | 6 (4–10) | 0.002 |
 Time from illness onset to echocardiography, days | 14 (9–17) | 13 (6–17) | 0.001 |
 SAPS II | 34 (30–38) | 43 (32–54) | 0.015 |
 SOFA score | 4 (2–4) | 6 (4–9) | < 0.001 |
Clinical presentation and treatment | |||
 ECG changes* (%) | 1 (5%) | 3 (13%) | 0.618 |
 Documented coinfection (%) | 3 (17) | 9 (39) | 0.171 |
 Septic shock (%) | 0 (%) | 10 (43) | – |
 Vasopressor support (%) | 2 (11) | 10 (43) | 0.038 |
 Prone position (%) | 10 (56) | 14 (61) | 1.000 |
 Neuromuscular blockers (%) | 17 (94%) | 12 (52%) | 0.005 |
Biology on admission | |||
 Troponin I (ng/L) | 73 (51–94) | 53 (37–66) | 0.020 |
 Lactate, mmol/L | 1.17 (0.89–1.57) | 1.51 (1.02–2.54) | 0.143 |
 Creatinine, μmol/L | 58 (42–87) | 88 (59–160) | 0.021 |
 Prothombine time, % | 87 (78–96) | 87 (71–101) | 0.979 |
 AST, U/L | 55 (27–71) | 107 (46–203) | 0.020 |
 ALT, U/L | 37 (27–65) | 45 (27–115) | 0.527 |
 CPK, U/L | 72 (34–103) | 419 (180–2456) | < 0.001 |
 White blood cell count, G/L | 7.98 (6.61–11.25) | 5.96 (4.02–8.05) | 0.003 |
 Lymphocyte count, G/L | 0,78 (0.55–1.05) | 0.75 (0.47–1.13) | 0.770 |
 Eosinophils count, G/L | 0.02 (0.02–0.09) | 0.01 (0.00–0.01) | 0.094 |
 Platelet count, G/L | 318 (218–425) | 172 (153–225) | < 0.001 |
 Hemoglobin, g/dl | 11.2 (10.2–12.3) | 13.1 (11.6–14.2) | 0.007 |
Respiratory parameters | |||
 PaO2/FiO2 | 130 (81–217) | 70 (62–100) | < 0.001 |
 Arterial pH | 7.35 (7.29–7.45) | 7.32 (7.23–7.41) | 0.121 |
 PaCO2, mmHg | 44 (33–51) | 47 (36–60) | 0.430 |
 RR, breaths/min | 24 (22–27) | 25 (24–28) | 0.139 |
 Tidal volume, mL/kg | 5.2 (4.5–6.2) | 5.3 (4.0–6.1) | 0.885 |
 PEEP, cmH2O | 10 (8–12) | 10 (8–12) | 0.476 |
 Plateau pressure, cmH2O | 23 (20–26) | 28 (20–28) | 0.144 |
 Driving pressure, cmH2O | 12 (10–15) | 18 (17–18) | 0.001 |
 Respiratory-system compliance**, mL/cmH2O | 38 (31–45) | 23 (22–27) | 0.001 |
Hemodynamic parameters | |||
 Heart rate, bpm | 90 (72–109) | 105 (69–118) | 0.494 |
 Mean arterial blood pressure, mmHg | 102 (85–110) | 78 (71–94) | < 0.001 |
 CVP, mmHg | 9 (7–10) | 11 (9–14) | 0.058 |
Cardiovascular phenotypes | |||
 ACP (%) | 3 (17) | 11 (48) | 0.051 |
 Severe ACP (%) | 1 (5) | 8 (35) | 0.054 |
 LV failure | 3*** (17) | 14 (61) | 0.009 |
 Hypovolemia | 2 (11) | 1 (4) | 0.573 |
 Hyperkinesia | 6 (33) | 7 (30) | 1.00 |
 Normal hemodynamic profile | 8 (44) | 5 (22) | 0.179 |
Echocardiographic indices | |||
 Cardiac index**** (L/min/m2) | 3.1 (2.5–4.2) | 2.5 (2.0–3.0) | 0.034 |
 RVEDA/LVEDA | 0.55 (0.37–0.60) | 0.70 (0.54–0.80) | 0.021 |
 RVFAC, % | 46 (35–50) | 33 (24–39) | 0.002 |
 TAPSE, mm | 25 (23–29) | 18 (16–22) | < 0.001 |
 Tricuspid S′, cm/s | 16.0 (15.0–20.5) | 12.2 (11.0–13.4) | 0.005 |
 TR peak velocity, m/s | 3.2 (2.9–3.6) | 2.9 (2.4–3.2) | 0.113 |
 IVC diameter, mm | 22 (19–26) | 22 (21–24) | 0.762 |
 LVEF (%) | 52 (44–61) | 44 (28–59) | 0.265 |
 LVOT VTI, cm | 22 (18–25) | 18 (13–24) | 0.106 |
 Mitral E/E′ ratio | 7.3 (6.5–10.9) | 7.8 (6.1–10.6) | 0.730 |
Outcome | |||
 ICU mortality***** (%) | 1 (6) | 9 (39) | 0.025 |